ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2021
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and serum concentrations of progestins used in contraception.
Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between prescribed hormonal contraception and multiple sclerosis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Injectable contraceptives differentially affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and amenorrhea incidence†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- A rat model of oral hormonal contraception: Effects on drug preference and gonadal function.Behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex steroids, SHBG and type 2 diabetes in women: what do we really know?Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Advances in Sources, Content Determination, and Bioactivity of 20α-Hydroxyprogesterone.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- The Association Between Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Exposure and Cerebral Meningioma Among a Medicaid Population.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Letter to the editor: 'the efficacy of progestins in managing pain associated with endometriosis, fibroids and pre-menstrual syndrome: a systematic review'.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Article
- Serum norethisterone (NET) levels in NET-enanthate (NET-EN) injectable contraception users substantially interfere with testosterone immunoassay measurements and confound interpretation of biological outcomes.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Affective Disorders: An Updated Review.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Review
- Understanding Problematic Bleeding When Using Contraception: Guidance for Clinicians.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Review
- PCOS and Obesity: Contraception Challenges.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Review
- Development of Mechanistic In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation to Support Bioequivalence Assessment of Long-Acting Injectables.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Individualized luteal phase support in frozen-thawed embryo transfer after intramuscular progesterone administration might rectify live birth rate.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Review
- Clinical Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety of the Available Medical Options in the Treatment of Endometriosis-Related Pelvic Pain: A Scoping Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Development and validation of a multiplexed assay for the measurement of long-acting hormonal contraceptives in plasma via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis · 2023Article
- Estro-progestin and progestogen intake: What's the impact on hysteroscopic imaging?Facts, views & vision in ObGyn · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many different forms of hormonal contraception are used by millions of women worldwide. These contraceptives differ in the dose and type of synthetic progestogenic compound (progestin) used, as well as the route of administration and whether or not they contain estrogenic compounds. There is an increasing awareness that different forms of contraception and different progestins have different side-effect profiles, in particular their cardiovascular effects, effects on reproductive cancers and susceptibility to infectious diseases. There is a need to develop new methods to suit different needs and with minimal risks, especially in under-resourced areas. This requires a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, serum and tissue concentrations of progestins used in contraception as well as the biological activities of progestins and their metabolites via steroid receptors. Here we review the current knowledge on these topics and identify the research gaps. We show that there is a paucity of research on most of these topics for most progestins. We find that major impediments to clear conclusions on these topics include a lack of standardized methodologies, comparisons between non-parallel clinical studies and variability of data on serum concentrations between and within studies. The latter is most likely due, at least in part, to differences in intrinsic characteristics of participants. The review highlights the importance of insight on these topics in order to provide the best contraceptive options to women with minimal risks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.