Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33314394›Full record

ReviewDevelopmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists2021

Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones.

Gabriel L Galea, Mohamed R Zein, Steven Allen, Philippa Francis-West

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
101citing papers in PubMed
13.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

101 citing papers in PubMed, 157 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  5. Review
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  9. mMolecular medicine reports · 2026
    Review
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  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Isotopic Values of Prenatal Development: δAmerican journal of biological anthropology · 2026
    Article
  17. Bridging skeletal stem cell diversity and human skeletal modeling.Journal of bone and mineral metabolism · 2026
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Gabriel L GaleaDevelopmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
Mohamed R ZeinCentre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
Steven AllenComparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
Philippa Francis-WestCentre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-5179-5892
King's College London · GBRoyal Veterinary College · GB

Funding

BBSRC BB/K008668/1Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/G021074/1Wellcome 211112/Z/18/ZWellcome Clinical Research Career Development Fellowship 211112/Z/18/ZWellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load-bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair.

Indexed as

Cell DifferentiationChondrogenesisAnimalsBone and BonesChondrocytesHumansOsteoblastsOsteogenesischondrocytemorphogenesisosteoblastplanar cell polarityskeletal development

Identifiers

PMID33314394
PMCPMC7986209
OpenAlexW3112309061

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.