ReviewPediatric radiology2021
Additional value and new insights by four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging in congenital heart disease: application in neonates and young children.
Review in Pediatric radiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nuclear Imaging in Pediatric Cardiology: Principles and Applications.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Lung Density Measurement in Fontan Patients Using Zero Echo Time Sequences.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging of cardiomyopathies in children: Update by the European Society of Pediatric Radiology Cardiac Imaging Taskforce.Pediatric radiology · 2026Review
- Image reconstruction impacts haemodynamic parameters derived from 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging with compressed sensing.European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice · 2024Article
- 4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement: 2023 update.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2023Review
- Neonatal cardiorespiratory imaging-a multimodality state-of-the-art review.Pediatric radiology · 2023Article
- Comparison of 2D and 4D Flow MRI in Neonates Without General Anesthesia.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2023Article
- Impact of ferumoxytol vs gadolinium on 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance measurements in small children with congenital heart disease.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2022Article
- Optimizing neonatal cardiac imaging (magnetic resonance/computed tomography).Pediatric radiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cardiovascular MRI has become an essential imaging modality in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) in the last 15-20 years. With use of appropriate sequences, it provides important information on cardiovascular anatomy, blood flow and function for initial diagnosis and post-surgical or -interventional monitoring in children. Although considered as more sophisticated and challenging than CT, in particular in neonates and infants, MRI is able to provide information on intra- and extracardiac haemodynamics, in contrast to CT. In recent years, four-dimensional (4-D) flow MRI has emerged as an additional MR technique for retrospective assessment and visualisation of blood flow within the heart and any vessel of interest within the acquired three-dimensional (3-D) volume. Its application in young children requires special adaptations for the smaller vessel size and faster heart rate compared to adolescents or adults. In this article, we provide an overview of 4-D flow MRI in various types of complex CHD in neonates and infants to demonstrate its potential indications and beneficial application for optimised individual cardiovascular assessment. We focus on its application in clinical routine cardiovascular workup and, in addition, show some examples with pathologies other than CHD to highlight that 4-D flow MRI yields new insights in disease understanding and therapy planning. We shortly review the essentials of 4-D flow data acquisition, pre- and post-processing techniques in neonates, infants and young children. Finally, we conclude with some details on accuracy, limitations and pitfalls of the technique.
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Registered trials
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