Trial reportEuropean journal of orthodontics2021
Cephalometric effects of Pushing Splints 3 compared with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy in Class III malocclusion children: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in European journal of orthodontics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Using Clear Aligners to Treat a Surgical Class III Malocclusion: Case Report.Case reports in dentistry · 2026Article
- Expert consensus on early orthodontic treatment of class III malocclusion.International journal of oral science · 2025Review
- Orthopedic Devices for Skeletal Class III Malocclusion Treatment in Growing Patients: A Comparative Effectiveness Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Clear Aligners Treatment of Class III Subdivision with an Extraction of a Lower Bicuspid.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Soft-Tissue Changes in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients after Non-surgical Maxillary Advancement with Face Mask Therapy - A Prospective Cohort Study.Annals of maxillofacial surgeryArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPushing Splints 3 (PS3) device was recently introduced for the treatment of Class III malocclusion in children.
objectivesTo assess the effect on the sagittal maxillary position (SNA, primary outcome) of PS3 therapy compared with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy (RME/FM) and to compare skeletal and dento-alveolar effects in growing Class III patients. TRIAL
designThis trial was a single-centre randomized controlled trial with two groups randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio of equal size by sealed-envelope randomization, conducted at the Dentistry Unit of Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS (Rome, Italy).
methodsA total of 48 patients with Class III malocclusion were included in the study and randomly allocated to the two groups: PS3 therapy and RME/FM therapy. Only the RME/FM group underwent palatal expansion, and both groups were instructed to wear the appliances 14 hours/day. Pre- (T0) and post-treatment (T1) cephalograms were taken. An independent sample t-test and regression analysis were used to analyse the data (P value <0.05). Researchers involved in statistics and tracings were blinded to the treatment allocation.
resultsA total of 42 patients (21 for each group) completed the study. The maxillary sagittal position improved similarly in both groups (SNA = 0.4°; P = 0.547). A statistically significant decrease of SNPg angle (-1.6°; P < 0.001) and increase of ANPg angle (1.4°; P = 0.018) were found in the RME/FM group compared with PS3 group. CoGoMe angle significantly decreased in RME/FM group compared with PS3 group (-1.7°; P = 0.042). The regression analysis showed an association between SN/MP angle at T0 and the differences between T1 and T0 of SNPg (B = 0.13; P = 0.005) and SN/MP (B = -0.19; P = 0.034). Only three patients (PS3 = 2; RME/FM = 1) had breakages of the devices. LIMITATIONS: Results are limited to short-term effects.
conclusionRME/FM therapy and PS3 are both effective therapies for the early correction of Class III malocclusion. The PS3 controlled better mandibular divergency reducing the clockwise rotation in patients with higher mandibular inclination. REGISTRATION: This study was not registered in a clinical trial registry.
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Registered trials
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