ArticleJournal of affective disorders reports2020
Validation of a Swahili version of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) among adults living with HIV compared to a community sample from Kilifi, Kenya.
Article in Journal of affective disorders reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07259044 (Global Strategies, Local Impact), which is not on this map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Global Strategies, Local Impact: Testing Scalable Caregiver Interventions for Autism in Low-Resource Health Systems
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy of mental health screening tools applicable to adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Six-Week Problem Area-Concordant vs 8-Week Problem Area-Discordant Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- How has mental health impacted the HIV epidemic and how has the HIV epidemic impacted mental health in Western Kenya? A mathematical modelling study.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Feasibility and Acceptability of a Mobile App and Wearable Device for Collecting Mental Health Survey and Passively Sensed Data Among Health Care Workers in Kenya: Mixed Methods Pilot Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- A scoping review protocol on mental health interventions for women exposed to gender-based violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.Discover mental health · 2026Review
- A psychometric assessment of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for people living with acutely-treated HIV in Thailand.Psychiatry research communications · 2026Article
- Establishment of the Kenyan Psoriasis Registry: A Case-Control Cohort.Dermatology and therapy · 2026Article
- Factors associated with stunting and underweight indices among children 0-3 years in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Feasibility, acceptability and initial efficacy of a community-based mental health literacy program delivered by civil society organizations among adults in Kenya: A quasi-experimental study.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Depressive and anxiety symptomatology among caregivers of children 0-3 years in Nairobi City County: Community-based prevalence study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Longitudinal assessment of changes in hair cortisol levels and associations with violence, poor mental health and harmful substance use among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Environmental and household factors associated with depressive symptoms in rural Kilifi County, Kenya: a machine learning analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Validation of Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ-14), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) in Unguja Island, Zanzibar.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Experiences of extreme weather and mental health in climate-vulnerable communities: results from a large-scale survey of women living in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Charting the course of depression care: a meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ- 9) as the measure.Discover mental health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among pregnant women from an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of mental and substance use problems among adults in Kenya: A community-based cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Depressive symptomatology in Brazil: perspectives of statistical and psychometrics analyses of the PHQ-9 at four time-points (2020-2023) in the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDepression remains under-investigated in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa due to paucity of adequately validated measures. This study aimed to validate an adapted version of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) among adults living with HIV compared to those from the community in Kilifi, Kenya.
methodsAnalysis of data from 450 adults living with HIV and 337 adults from the community was conducted examining the reliability, factorial structure, measurement invariance and discriminant validity of interviewer-administered PHQ-9, Swahili version.
resultsInternal consistency of the Swahili PHQ-9 was good overall, in adults living with HIV and those from the community (Macdonald's omega > 0.80). The two-week test-retest reliability was acceptable among adults living with HIV ( LIMITATIONS: No diagnostic interview for mental disorders was administered in the original studies limiting analysis of sensitivity and specificity of the Swahili PHQ-9.
conclusionThe Swahili PHQ-9 is a reliable and valid unidimensional scale. It appears a valuable tool for assessing depressive symptoms that can be generalized across different demographic groups, in primary HIV clinics and the general community within this and similar settings.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.