ArticleInternational immunopharmacology2021
Ozone therapy for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: Preliminary report of a prospective case-control study.
Article in International immunopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04444531 (Ozone Therapy for Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia), which is not on this map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ozone Therapy for Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia: Preliminary Report of a Prospective Case-control Study
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Benefits of ozone on mortality in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Complementary therapies in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Ozone as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International immunopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- CORonavirus-19 mild to moderate pneumonia Management with blood Ozonization in patients with Respiratory failure (CORMOR) multicentric prospective randomized clinical trial.International immunopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Ozone gas applied through nebulization as adjuvant treatment for lung respiratory diseases due to COVID-19 infections: a prospective randomized trial.Medical gas researchTrial
- Medical ozone: mechanisms, biological effects and clinical evidence-a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- The Effect of Inhaled Ozone Therapy in Two-Hit Rat Model of Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis.The protein journal · 2025Article
- Immune-Boosting and Antiviral Effects of Antioxidants in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Therapeutic Perspective.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Therapeutic efficacy of ozonated blood in severe COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Ozone Exposure Controls Oxidative Stress and the Inflammatory Process of Hepatocytes in Murine Models.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Longitudinal ozone exposure and SARS-CoV-2 infection in late pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- The Mito-Hormetic Mechanisms of Ozone in the Clearance of SARS-CoV2 and in the COVID-19 Therapy.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Efficacy of ozone adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis study.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Nanobubble Ozone Stored in Hyaluronic Acid Decorated Liposomes: Antibacterial, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Effect and Biocompatibility Tests.International journal of nanomedicine · 2022Article
- Mechanisms of Action of Ozone Therapy in Emerging Viral Diseases: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Advantages With Reference to SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Science's Response to CoVID-19.ChemMedChem · 2021Review
- Insights on the mechanisms of action of ozone in the medical therapy against COVID-19.International immunopharmacology · 2021Review
- Blood ozonization in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia: a single centre experience: reply.Internal and emergency medicine · 2021Article
- Oxygen-Ozone Therapy in the Rehabilitation Field: State of the Art on Mechanisms of Action, Safety and Effectiveness in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders.Biomolecules · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is still no specific treatment strategies for COVID-19 other than supportive management.
designA prospective case-control study determined by admittance to the hospital based on bed availability.
participantsEighteen patients with COVID-19 infection (laboratory confirmed) severe pneumonia admitted to hospital between 20th March and 19th April 2020. Patients admitted to the hospital during the study period were assigned to different beds based on bed availability. Depending on the bed the patient was admitted, the treatment was ozone autohemotherapy or standard treatment. Patients in the case group received ozonated blood twice daily starting on the day of admission for a median of four days. Each treatment involved administration of 200 mL autologous whole blood enriched with 200 mL of oxygen-ozone mixture with a 40 μg/mL ozone concentration. MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was time from hospital admission to clinical improvement.
resultsNine patients (50%) received ozonated autohemotherapy beginning on the day of admission. Ozonated autohemotherapy was associated with shorter time to clinical improvement (median [IQR]), 7 days [6-10] vs 28 days [8-31], p = 0.04) and better outcomes at 14-days (88.8% vs 33.3%, p = 0.01). In risk-adjusted analyses, ozonated autohemotherapy was associated with a shorter mean time to clinical improvement (-11.3 days, p = 0.04, 95% CI -22.25 to -0.42).
conclusionOzonated autohemotherapy was associated with a significantly shorter time to clinical improvement in this prospective case-control study. Given the small sample size and study design, these results require evaluation in larger randomized controlled trials. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04444531.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.