ReviewPalliative medicine2021
How to measure the effects and potential adverse events of palliative sedation? An integrative review.
Review in Palliative medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Associated Factors Towards Sedation Among Nurses Working in Intensive Care Units of Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study.Nursing research and practice · 2026Article
- Evaluation of different sedation scales in the ICU management of COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inter-rater reliability in the assessment of consciousness in patients receiving palliative care in intensive care: A prospective cross sectional observational study.Nursing in critical care · 2025Observational
- Palliative use of midazolam in acute geriatric units: a multicenter ambispective study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Effects of spinal-epidural anesthesia combined with intravenous etomidate on adrenocortical and immune stress in elderly patients undergoing anorectal surgery: A retrospective analysis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Review
- Observational
- [New recommendations on palliative sedation].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Continuous palliative sedation until death: a qualitative study of palliative care clinicians' experiences.BMC palliative care · 2024Article
- Revised European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) recommended framework on palliative sedation: An international Delphi study.Palliative medicine · 2024Article
- Implementation of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (palliative version) on an inpatient palliative care unit.BMC palliative care · 2023Article
- Sedation in Palliative Care—a Clinically Oriented Overview of Guidelines and Treatment RecommendationsDeutsches Arzteblatt international · 2023Article
- Monitoring the clinical practice of palliative sedation (PALSED) in patients with advanced cancer: an international, multicentre, non-experimental prospective observational study protocol.BMC palliative care · 2023Article
- Current Status and Future Directions of Research on Palliative Sedation.Journal of hospice and palliative care · 2022Article
- The practices of nurses about palliative sedation on palliative care wards: A qualitative study.Journal of advanced nursing · 2022Article
- Palliative Sedation in End-of-Life Patients in Eastern Asia: A Narrative Review.Cancer research and treatment · 2022Review
- Letter to the Editor Regarding: "Neurophysiological Assessments During Continuous Sedation Until Death Put Validity of Observational Assessments Into Question: A Prospective Observational Study".Pain and therapy · 2022Article
- Article
- Impact of legalization of Medical Assistance in Dying on the Use of Palliative Sedation in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Chart Review.The American journal of hospice & palliative care · 2022Article
- Review
- Association of the RASS Score with Intensity of Symptoms, Discomfort, and Communication Capacity in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Sedation: Is RASS an Appropriate Outcome Measure?Palliative medicine reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPalliative sedation is the monitored use of medications intended to relieve refractory suffering. The assessment of palliative sedation has been focused on the assess of the level of consciousness but a more comprehensive approach to assessment is needed.
aimTo understand how the potential effects and possible adverse events of palliative sedation in Palliative Care patients are measured.
designIntegrative review of most recent empirical research. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL were searched (2010-2020) using the terms sedation, palliative care, terminal care, assessment. Limits included studies in English and adults. Inclusion criteria were: scientific assessment papers, effects and complications of palliative sedation; patients with incurable illness.
resultsOut of 588 titles, 26 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The Discomfort Scale-Dementia of Alzheimer Type and Patient Comfort Score were used to assess comfort. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and The Ramsay Sedation Scale are the most used to measure its effect. Refractory symptoms were assessed through multi-symptom or specific scales; except for psychological or existential distress. Delirium was assessed using the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale and pain through the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool. The use of technical approaches to monitor effects is upcoming. There is lack of measurement of possible adverse events and variability in timing measurement.
conclusionsThere are palliative care validated instruments to assess the sedation effect but this review shows the need for a more standardized approach when assessing it. Instruments should be used within an experienced and trained expert, providing a holistic assessment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.