ArticleWorld neurosurgery2021
Focal Cortical Surface Cooling is a Novel and Safe Method for Intraoperative Functional Brain Mapping.
Article in World neurosurgery, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seizure incidence after deep brain stimulation: a meta-analysis of risk factors and target-specific outcomes in non-epileptic disorders.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- Printing-Assisted Integration of Thermal, Fluidic and Electrical Components in Implants for Focal Brain Cooling.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Miniaturized Bidirectional Thermal Stimulation System Integrated With an Electrode Array for Recording Neural Activities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Intraoperative Hemodynamic Management and Cerebral Protection During Awake Craniotomy: Evidence-Based Approaches.Anesthesiology research and practice · 2026Review
- Bidirectional alterations in brain temperature profoundly modulate spatiotemporal neurovascular responses in-vivo.Communications biology · 2023Article
- A Nationwide Questionnaire Survey on Awake Craniotomy in Japan.Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2022Article
- Causal mapping of human brain function.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2022Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveElectric cortical stimulation (ECS) has been the gold standard for intraoperative functional mapping in neurosurgery, yet it carries the risk of induced seizures. We assess the safety of focal cortical cooling (CC) as a potential alternative to ECS.
methodsWe reviewed 40 patients (13 with tumor and 27 with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy) who underwent intraoperative CC at the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics (CC group), of whom 38 underwent ECS preceding CC. Intraoperative and postoperative seizure incidence, postoperative neurologic deficits, and new postoperative radiographic findings were collected to assess CC safety. Fifty-five patients who underwent ECS mapping without CC (ECS-alone group) were reviewed as a control cohort. Another 25 patients who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) without CC or ECS (no ECS/no CC-ATL group) were also reviewed to evaluate long-term effects of CC.
resultsSeventy-nine brain sites in the CC group were cooled, comprising inferior frontal gyrus (44%), precentral gyrus (39%), postcentral gyrus (6%), subcentral gyrus (4%), and superior temporal gyrus (6%). The incidence of intraoperative seizure(s) was 0% (CC group) and 3.6% (ECS-alone group). The incidence of seizure(s) within the first postoperative week did not significantly differ among CC (7.9%), ECS-alone (9.0%), and no ECS/no CC-ATL groups (12%). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative radiographic change between CC (7.5%) and ECS-alone groups (5.5%). Long-term seizure outcome (Engel I+II) for mesial temporal epilepsy did not differ among CC (80%), ECS-alone (83.3%), and no ECS/no CC-ATL groups (83.3%).
conclusionsCC when used as an intraoperative mapping technique is safe and may complement ECS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.