ArticleBMJ open2020
Evidence for ethnic inequalities in mortality related to COVID-19 infections: findings from an ecological analysis of England.
Article in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Towards evidence-based and inclusive models of peer support for long covid: A hermeneutic systematic review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Death and Nationalism's Moral Imperative: The Battle for Britain, Industry and the 'Left Behind'.The British journal of sociology · 2025Article
- The mental health impact of repeated COVID-19 enforced lockdowns in England: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Marginalisation and distrust in the context of the COVID-19 vaccination programme: experiences of communities in a northern UK city region.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Disproportionate infection, hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 in ethnic minority groups and Indigenous Peoples: an application of the Priority Public Health Conditions analytical framework.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Review
- Ethnic inequalities in positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, infection prognosis, COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths: analysis of 2 years of a record linked national cohort study in Scotland.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Global Health Security Index as a predictor of COVID-19 excess mortality standardised for under-reporting and age structure.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission, and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Risk of Covid-19 Severe Outcomes and Mortality in Migrants and Ethnic Minorities Compared to the General Population in the European WHO Region: a Systematic Review.Journal of international migration and integration · 2023Article
- The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ethnic minorities in Manchester: lessons from the early stage of the pandemic.Frontiers in sociology · 2023Review
- COVID-19 ethnic inequalities in mental health and multimorbidities: protocol for the COVEIMM study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and deprivation amplification: An ecological study of geographical inequalities in mortality in England.Health & place · 2022Article
- Race, ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccination: a qualitative study of UK healthcare staff.Ethnicity & health · 2022Article
- The enduring effects of racism on health: Understanding direct and indirect effects over time.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Racism as the fundamental cause of ethnic inequities in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A theoretical framework and empirical exploration using the UK Household Longitudinal Study.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Article
- Health-related and socio-economic burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vienna.Health & social care in the community · 2022Article
- Static Socio-Ecological COVID-19 Vulnerability Index and Vaccine Hesitancy Index for England.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2022Article
- Prevalence of SARS-Cov-2 antibodies and living conditions: the French national random population-based EPICOV cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesIn the absence of robust direct data on ethnic inequalities in COVID-19-related mortality in the UK, we examine the relationship between ethnic composition of an area and rate of mortality in the area.
designEcological analysis of COVID-19-related mortality rates occurring by 24 April 2020 and ethnic composition of the population. Account is taken of age, population density, area deprivation and pollution.
settingLocal authorities in England.
resultsFor every 1% rise in proportion of the population who are ethnic minority, COVID-19-related deaths increased by 5·12, 95% CI (4·00 to 6·24), per million. This rise is present for each ethnic minority category examined, including the white minority group. The size of this increase is a little reduced in an adjusted model to 4·42, 95% CI (2·24 to 6·60), suggesting that some of the association results from ethnic minority people living in more densely populated, more polluted and more deprived areas.This estimate suggests that the average England COVID-19-related death rate would rise by 25% in a local authority with two times the average number of ethnic minority people.
conclusionsWe find clear evidence that rates of COVID-19-related mortality within a local authority increases as the proportion of the population who are ethnic minority increases. We suggest that this is a consequence of social and economic inequalities driven by entrenched structural and institutional racism and racial discrimination. We argue that these factors should be central to any investigation of ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes.
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