ReviewCells2020
Comprehensive Structural and Molecular Comparison of Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and Their Interactions with ACE2.
Review in Cells, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a DNA-based vaccine (INO-4700) against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: phase 2a study in healthy volunteers.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus spike protein inhibits FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy to prevent nucleocapsid protein degradation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity and Protection of mRNA Vaccine Encoding Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XEC Subvariant.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Synthetic Integration of an FCS into Coronaviruses-Hype or an Unresolved Biorisk? An Integrative Analysis of DNA Repair, Cancer Research, Drug Development, and Escape Mutant Traits.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comprehensive review and assessment of machine learning approaches for host-pathogen protein-protein interaction prediction.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- Structural and Functional Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mutations: Insights From Predictive Modeling and Analytics.JMIR bioinformatics and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Multimodal Structural Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Variants: Spectroscopic and Computational Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Evolutionary Insight into Fatal Human Coronaviruses (hCoVs) with a Focus on Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants Under Monitoring (VUMs).Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Spatial Transcriptomics and Single Cell-RNASeq Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 in Lung Tissues and Global Mutational Patterns in COVID-19 Patients.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Review
- Comprehensive analysis of human coronavirus antibody responses in ICU and non-ICU COVID-19 patients reveals IgG3 against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a key biomarker of disease severity.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Peptide immunoarrays for rationale development of vaccines with enhanced cross-reactivity.PloS one · 2025Article
- Pre-pandemic artificial MERS analog of polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 furin cleavage site domain is unique among spike proteins of genus Betacoronavirus.BMC genomic data · 2024Article
- Binding affinity between coronavirus spike protein and human ACE2 receptor.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Protein Deposition Enhances Renal Complement Activation and Aggravates Kidney Injury in Membranous Nephropathy After COVID-19.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ExpressionACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- Construction of pseudotyped human coronaviruses and detection of pre-existing antibodies in the human population.Biosafety and health · 2024Article
- Clinical glycoproteomics: methods and diseases.MedComm · 2024Review
- Dissecting humoral immune responses to an MVA-vectored MERS-CoV vaccine in humans using a systems serology approach.iScience · 2024Article
- JAK inhibition during the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection worsens kidney injury by suppressing endogenous antiviral activity in mice.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2024Article
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged in China and caused a disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus quickly spread around the world, causing a sustained global outbreak. Although SARS-CoV-2, and other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) are highly similar genetically and at the protein production level, there are significant differences between them. Research has shown that the structural spike (S) protein plays an important role in the evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. So far, studies have shown that various genes encoding primarily for elements of S protein undergo frequent mutation. We have performed an in-depth review of the literature covering the structural and mutational aspects of S protein in the context of SARS-CoV-2, and compared them with those of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Our analytical approach consisted in an initial genome and transcriptome analysis, followed by primary, secondary and tertiary protein structure analysis. Additionally, we investigated the potential effects of these differences on the S protein binding and interactions to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and we established, after extensive analysis of previous research articles, that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV use different ends/regions in S protein receptor-binding motif (RBM) and different types of interactions for their chief binding with ACE2. These differences may have significant implications on pathogenesis, entry and ability to infect intermediate hosts for these coronaviruses. This review comprehensively addresses in detail the variations in S protein, its receptor-binding characteristics and detailed structural interactions, the process of cleavage involved in priming, as well as other differences between coronaviruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.