ArticleThe American journal on addictions2021
Increasing Heroin-Methamphetamine (Goofball) Use and Related Morbidity Among Seattle Area People Who Inject Drugs.
Article in The American journal on addictions, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Methamphetamine use and illicit opioid use during buprenorphine treatment.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Trial
- Exploring the mediating role of baseline urinalysis results on demographic characteristics and stimulant use disorder treatment outcomes.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Trial
- The Emergency Department Longitudinal Integrated Care (ED-LINC) intervention targeting opioid use disorder: A pilot randomized clinical trial.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Trial
- A population-based study exploring racial and gender inequities in polysubstance-related deaths across the United States from 2004 to 2022.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Stimulant use predicts high-risk substance use behaviors during medication treatment for opioid use disorder.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Uncovering phenotypic diversity and cell-type-specific prefrontal cortex calcium dynamics in rat fentanyl self-administration.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Social, Economic, and health risks among people who use Methamphetamine: Comparing three patterns of opioid Co-Use.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- The Association Between Receiving Medications for Opioid Use Disorder and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing: Findings From the Rural Opioid Initiative.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- The evolving epidemiology of opioid use disorder: polysubstance use, drug supply transformation, and policy implications.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the Characteristics Associated With Methamphetamine Use in Patients With Heroin Use Disorder.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Trends and correlates of naloxone possession and use among people who inject drugs in Seattle, Washington.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Hospital readmissions and emergency department encounters among patients who initiate medications for opioid use disorder during hospitalization: Comparison of patients with and without co-occurring methamphetamine use.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Observational
- Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Associations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody positivity with opioid, stimulant, and polysubstance injection among people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural U.S. communities.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Leveraging pooled medical examiner records to surveil complex and emerging patterns of polysubstance use in the United States.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Multiple memory object-drug association task (MODAT) for the study of polydrug associations.Addiction neuroscience · 2025Article
- Drug use and harm reduction practices of applicants to a public health vending machine service in Clark County, NV, 2021-2023.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- mHealth Incentivized Adherence Plus Patient Navigation (MIAPP): protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial to improve linkage and retention on buprenorphine for hospitalized patients with methamphetamine use and opioid use disorder.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Article
- Large decrease in syringe distribution following the introduction of fentanyl in King County, Washington.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Enhancing translation: A need to leverage complex preclinical models of addictive drugs to accelerate substance use treatment options.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesMethamphetamine use is increasing in the United States, potentially including the simultaneous injection of methamphetamine with heroin (goofball). We compared demographic, behavioral, contextual, and health factors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the Seattle area and who reported that their main drug was goofball, heroin, or methamphetamine.
methodsWe used data from 2017 and 2019 cross-sectional surveys of clients at Public Health-Seattle & King County's syringe services program (N = 792).
resultsAmong PWID participants, 55.3% reported using goofball in the last 3 months, and the proportion reporting goofball as their main drug doubled between 2017 (10.3%) and 2019 (20.1%, P < .001). The goofball group had the highest proportions of people who were aged less than 30, women, homeless or unstably housed, and recently incarcerated. PWID whose main drug was goofball reported considerable health risks and morbidity. Witnessing an opioid overdose was most commonly reported by participants whose main drug was goofball. This group also reported naloxone possession and use in an overdose situation more than other participants. The majority of participants were interested in reducing or stopping their opioid and stimulant use. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionsAmong PWID, using goofball as a main drug doubled over 2 years and was characterized by contextual and individual factors that increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to characterize goofball use as a main drug. Clinical and public health efforts to diminish morbidity associated with opioid use need to integrate interventions that address the co-use of methamphetamine. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).
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