SynthesisNature communications2020
Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission.
Synthesis in Nature communications, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 868 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
868 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Oral manifestations of COVID-19 and its management in pediatric patients: A systematic review and practical guideline.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2023Pooled it
- Risk Factors Associated with Severity and Death from COVID-19 in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study.Journal of intensive care medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Reduced Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Treated With Inhaled Extracellular Vesicles Expressing CD24.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Trial
- Exposure route, not dose, is the primary driver of infection patterns for a respiratory virus.Science advances · 2026Article
- Sex-specific patterns of symptom burden, psychological distress, and work productivity impairment in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: a 10-month dynamic cohort study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Admission Liver Injury Is an Independent Predictor of Early and Overall Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Moderate-to-Critical COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sex differences in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal ecological analysis of 34 high-income countries.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Cross-species integration of single-cell data reveals conserved pathology-associated cell populations across animal models and human samples.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Six Years of COVID-19: Lessons from Epidemiology, Vaccination Campaigns, Clinical Risk Stratification, and Thromboembolic Surveillance.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Xenosialylation as immunological chimerism: a host-centered unifying model for viral and post-vaccination immune complications.European cytokine network · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Barcelona and Catalonia (Spain) after the 2020 lockdown.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Infection control challenges during 4 years of COVID-19 in a French psychiatric institution (2020-2024).IJID regions · 2026Article
- Article
- Combinatorial analysis of clinical and genomic data used to assess the association between SARS-CoV-2 mutations and disease severity.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Characteristics of COVID-19 cases and factors associated with disease severity in Lao People's Democratic Republic: a nationwide study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Male Uropathogens Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Study from Romania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Renal function dynamics in COVID-19: exploring biomarker interactions with D-dimer and C-reactive proteins.Bioscience reports · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism of COVID-19 inspires drug repositioning and host-targeting immunotherapy for viral pneumonia.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Day-by-Day Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Cycle Threshold Values in Outpatient Care: Associations with Symptom Onset and Fever Severity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Post-COVID-19 Jaw Osteonecrosis: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
808 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence suggests that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, exhibits differences in morbidity and mortality between sexes. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 3,111,714 reported global cases to demonstrate that, whilst there is no difference in the proportion of males and females with confirmed COVID-19, male patients have almost three times the odds of requiring intensive treatment unit (ITU) admission (OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 2.06, 3.92) and higher odds of death (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.47) compared to females. With few exceptions, the sex bias observed in COVID-19 is a worldwide phenomenon. An appreciation of how sex is influencing COVID-19 outcomes will have important implications for clinical management and mitigation strategies for this disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.