ReviewMolecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)2020
Escape from X chromosome inactivation and female bias of autoimmune diseases.
Review in Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of genetic variation on X chromosome with systemic lupus erythematosus in both Thai and Chinese populations.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Fetal sex shapes placental inflammatory responses to extracellular mitochondrial DNA.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Associations between parental history of dementia and plasma markers of inflammation in a multi-ethnic middle-aged community of adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Factors Influencing HIV Infection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Immunosenescence and Allergy: Molecular and Cellular Links Between Inflammaging, Neuro-Immune Aging, and Response to Biologic Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Primary Sjögren's syndrome-associated immune thrombocytopenia: from pathogenesis to treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex-specific reporting patterns and onset timing of immune-related adverse events associated with nivolumab and pembrolizumab: a dual-database pharmacovigilance analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Pharmacovigilance analysis of iodinated contrast media related respiratory adverse effects based on the FDA adverse event reporting system.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- X chromosome-encoded microRNAs in immune regulation: sex differences and clinical implications.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Review
- Sex as a modifier of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Whole-genome profiling of age- and sex-associated DNA methylation signatures in human plasma cell-free DNA.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Xq24/HemaSphere · 2025Article
- X-linked competition - implications for human development and disease.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2025Review
- Article
- Role of Long Non-Coding RNA X-Inactive-Specific Transcript (Non-coding RNA · 2025Article
- X-chromosome-linked miR-542-5p as a key regulator of sex disparity in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis by promoting Th17 differentiation.Biomarker research · 2025Article
- Single-Cell Analysis of Sex and Gender Differences in the Human Brain During Development and Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis: A disproportionality analysis based on the FAERS database.PloS one · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Generally, autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males. Various predisposing factors, including female sex hormones, X chromosome genes, and the microbiome have been implicated in the female bias of autoimmune diseases. During embryogenesis, one of the X chromosomes in the females is transcriptionally inactivated, in a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This equalizes the impact of two X chromosomes in the females. However, some genes escape from XCI, providing a basis for the dual expression dosage of the given gene in the females. In the present review, the contribution of the escape genes to the female bias of autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.