ArticleAging2020
Transforming growth factor beta type 1 (TGF-β) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) transcription complex as master regulators of the immunosuppressive protein galectin-9 expression in human cancer and embryonic cells.
Article in Aging, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- New insights on Galectin-9 expression in cancer prognosis: An updated systemic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- The Galectin Family in Colorectal Cancer: Integrating Molecular Mechanisms with Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Determining the concentration of golden sea cucumber (Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- From matrix to nucleus: CD44 as a central regulator of inflammaging, autophagy, and tissue homeostasis.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-α in Autoimmune Diseases-Insights from the Paradigm of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Narrative Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- TGF-β in hematologic malignancies: molecular functions and clinical applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Molecular and cellular morphology of placenta unveils new mechanisms of reproductive immunology.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Tumor-derived exosomal tsRNA 3'tiRNA-AlaCGC in promoting fibroblast senescence and Galectin-9 secretion to induce immune tolerance in lung adenocarcinoma.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- Differential Role of CD318 in Tumor Immunity Affecting Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Compared to Other Adenocarcinomas.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Editorial: Glycobiology and glycosylation: deciphering the secrets of glycans in humans and pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2 triggers activation of immune evasion machinery similar to the one operated by cancer cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Characterization of the phenotype and function of PRELPFrontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- TGFβ in Pancreas and Colorectal Cancer: Opportunities to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Review
- Cellular metabolism regulates the differentiation and function of T-cell subsets.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Galectin-9, a pro-survival factor inducing immunosuppression, leukemic cell transformation and expansion.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- A Molecular Perspective on HIF-1α and Angiogenic Stimulator Networks and Their Role in Solid Tumors: An Update.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Immunologic Mechanisms of BCc1 Nanomedicine Synthesized by Nanochelating Technology in Breast Tumor-bearing Mice: Immunomodulation and Tumor Suppression.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- The glucose transporter 2 regulates CD8Nature metabolism · 2023Article
- Increased TIM-3 expression in tumor-associated macrophages predicts a poorer prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2023Article
- T lymphocytes induce human cancer cells derived from solid malignant tumors to secrete galectin-9 which facilitates immunosuppression in cooperation with other immune checkpoint proteins.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Galectin-9 is one of the key proteins employed by a variety of human malignancies to suppress anti-cancer activities of cytotoxic lymphoid cells and thus escape immune surveillance. Human cancer cells in most cases express higher levels of galectin-9 compared to non-transformed cells. However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Here we report for the first time that in human cancer as well as embryonic cells, the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) are involved in upregulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression, leading to activation of the transcription factor Smad3 through autocrine action. This process triggers upregulation of galectin-9 expression in both malignant (mainly in breast and colorectal cancer as well as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)) and embryonic cells. The effect, however, was not observed in mature non-transformed human cells. TGF-β1-activated Smad3 therefore displays differential behaviour in human cancer and embryonic
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.