ReviewBrain and behavior2021
Molecular links between endocrine, nervous and immune system during chronic stress.
Review in Brain and behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytokines and Immune Cells Profile in Different Tissues of Rodents Induced by Environmental Enrichment: Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Exogenous melatonin's effect on salivary cortisol and amylase: A randomized controlled trial.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2024Trial
- Article
- Differential expression of lymphocyte markers by neighborhood opportunity among US adults: Insights from the Midlife in the United States study.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- [The importance of psychiatry in the care and research of Post-COVID].Der Nervenarzt · 2026Review
- Is Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Misnamed? Rethinking Its Role in Menopause as a Systemic Regulator of Bone, Brain, Metabolism, and Aging.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Comorbidities and Inflammation: How Chronic Diseases Prime the Host Response in Sepsis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Signaling Under Stress: Targeting the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Cancer.Cancer research · 2026Review
- Microbial engraftment and immune regulation during fecal microbiota transplantation and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Peri-implant crevicular fluid stress-related biomarkers and psychometric scores in peri-implant health and disease.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Stress and resilience: cortisol hypo-response to acute stress in non-resilient individuals.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Exploration of the relationship between laboratory stress parameters and leukocyte coping capacity in ponies exposed to repetitive handling during a research project.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Associations between Fear of Crime and Symptom Burden among Non-victimized Older Adults: Findings from the Swedish Population-Based Study "Good Aging in Skåne".Annals of geriatric medicine and research · 2026Article
- Digital twin- enabled intelligent HMI for real-time industrial automation systems.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Occupational Stress and Altered Serum Leptin Among Female Workers in Southern Brazil.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Energy Allocation Resilience and Endocrine Integration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exploring a genetic basis for the metabolic perturbations in ME/CFS using UK biobank.iScience · 2026Article
- Male Stress Is Associated with Ovarian and Endometrial Responses in ICSI Cycles: Is Seminal Plasma the Linchpin?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Melatonin at the Crossroads of Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Cancer Therapy.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effect of chronic stress on human endocrine function: A biomarker-based study.Bioinformation · 2026Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe stress response is different in various individuals, however, the mechanisms that could explain these distinct effects are not well known and the molecular correlates have been considered one at the time. Particular harmful conditions occur if the subject, instead to cope the stressful events, succumb to them, in this case, a cascade reaction happens that through different signaling causes a specific reaction named "sickness behaviour." The aim of this article is to review the complex relations among important molecules belonging to Central nervous system (CNS), immune system (IS), and endocrine system (ES) during the chronic stress response.
methodsAfter having verified the state of art concerning the function of cortisol, norepinephrine (NE), interleukin (IL)-1β and melatonin, we describe as they work together.
resultsWe propose a speculative hypothesis concerning the complex interplay of these signaling molecules during chronic stress, highlighting the role of IL-1β as main biomarker of this effects, indeed, during chronic stress its increment transforms this inflammatory signal into a nervous signal (NE), in turn, this uses the ES (melatonin and cortisol) to counterbalance again IL-1β. During cortisol resistance, a vicious loop occurs that increments all mediators, unbalancing IS, ES, and CNS networks. This IL-1β increase would occur above all when the individual succumbs to stressful events, showing the Sickness Behaviour Symptoms. IL-1β might, through melatonin and vice versa, determine sleep disorders too.
conclusionThe molecular links here outlined could explain how stress plays a role in etiopathogenesis of several diseases through this complex interplay.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.