ReviewDepression research and treatment2020
Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Depression among Prisoners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Review in Depression research and treatment, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modifiable Barriers to Assessment and Rehabilitation in Justice-Involved Individuals with Self-Reported TBI: The Role of Subjective Sleepiness and Mood.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Mental Health Screening in Prison: Psychometric Evaluation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 Among Incarcerated Men in Mexico.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- To be or not to be (a prisoner): Social identification as cure and curse via self-stigma and social exclusion.The British journal of social psychology · 2026Article
- Coping, adjustment, perceived social support, and age as predictors of depressed mood among male maximum-security incarcerated offenders.Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · 2026Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of mental health symptoms of individuals in different detention settings: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Analyzing the Successful Incompetent to Be Executed Cases in the United States: A First Pass.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Depression and anxiety among people living with HIV and key populations at risk for HIV in the Eastern European and Central Asian region: a scoping review.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Cognitive dysfunction-an under looked avenue to promote health in incarcerated elderly population through yoga.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Depression among inmates of Gandaki Province, Nepal: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Perceived anxiety and depression and associated factors among women inmates with a long-term sentence in Thailand.PloS one · 2024Article
- Psychiatric and legal considerations for ketamine treatment within prison settings.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Investigating suicidal behavior among prisoners in the light of the behavioral addiction approach: results of a multicenter cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- The use of benzodiazepines and the mental health of women in prison: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Factors among Prisoners in North Wollo Zone, Northeastern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Depression research and treatment · 2023Article
- Forgiveness Mediates the Protective Role of Religiosity on Psychological Distress: Findings from Inmates in Eswatini Correctional Centres.Journal of religion and health · 2022Article
- "Degrees of Freedom": Comparing Mental Distress of Populations with Different Levels of Access to Care-Prisoners, Psychiatric Patients and General Population.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Animal Crossing and COVID-19: A Qualitative Study Examining How Video Games Satisfy Basic Psychological Needs During the Pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Screening male prisoners for depression and anxiety with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 at NHS Healthcheck: patterns of symptoms and caseness threshold.BMC psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrison populations tend to be marginalized and disadvantaged of the rights and freedoms that other people in the community benefit from. Their separation from families, a narrow room and lack of privacy in the prison, violence between prisoners, and the uncertainty about the future result in psychological distress, for example, depression. The review has synthesized previous studies conducted on the topic and summarized to formulate recommendations for future prison health care services.
methodsWe systematically searched the databases: PubMed, Psych Info, and SCOPUS, as well as manual Google Scholar searches, were conducted to retrieve published literature globally. We have included observational studies, written in English language. Estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO with protocol number CRD42020156108. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis was conducted, and heterogeneity across the studies was evaluated using Q and the
resultA total of 1313 studies were initially identified through the electronic database; among these, a total of 73 full-text articles were retrieved for further appraisal. Further, 32 full-text articles were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners was 36.9% (95% CI; 27.3-47.6). The pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners in the developing and developed countries was 39.2% and 33.1%, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of depression was 19.1% and 54% for the studies that used diagnostic and screen tools to diagnose or screen depression, respectively. A leave-one-out analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners was not dependent on a single study removal or addition. Thus, the pooled prevalence of depression ranges between 35.3 and 38.0%.
conclusionThe prevalence of depression among prisoners was high. Therefore, regular and continuous screening of depressive symptoms for prisoners along with its appropriate management is highly recommended.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.