ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2021
Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the β-cell (do not blame the immune system?).
Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07492550 (T1D WATCH Study, a Comprehensive Screening for Type 1 Diabetes Autoantibodies in Children), which is not on this map. Cited by 342 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
T1D WATCH Study, a Comprehensive Screening for Type 1 Diabetes Autoantibodies in Children: A Proactive Approach to Early Detection and Intervention
Who cites it
342 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 580 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Predictors of Mortality in Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for severe dengue fever and West Nile fever: A meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-based therapies in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 randomized controlled trials.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Autologous fecal microbiota capsules are safe and potentially preserve beta-cell function in individuals with type 1 diabetes.Gut microbes · 2025Trial
- Co-transplantation of pancreatic islets with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vascularized kidney ECM scaffolds to restore type 1 diabetes mellitus.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Targeting the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway in type 2 diabetes mellitus: from ER stress signaling to therapeutic opportunity.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Shared non-HLA genetic architecture across diverse ancestries links insulin secretion and resistance to type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Impact of Body Size on Preclinical Type 1 Diabetes Development and Progression.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Proteomic analysis of pancreatic endocrine cells by mechanistic single-cell isolation identifies membrane pathways.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Stakeholder perspectives on managing insulin pump-related skin complications in children with type 1 diabetes: a mixed methods study in China.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Lived Experience of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: Phenomenological Study.JMIR diabetes · 2026Article
- GLP1-E2 therapy delays autoimmune diabetes in late-stage prediabetic NOD mice and potentiates low-dose anti-CD3 therapy for enhanced disease protection.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Alpha‑lipoic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorate streptozotocin‑induced diabetic liver injury via Nrf2/HO‑1 activation and TLR4/NF‑κB and JAK2/STAT1 inhibition.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Oxidative Post-Translational Modifications of Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Syntaxin-4, a key exocytosis mediating protein, shows heterogeneous expression in insulin-positive cells of human donors with new-onset and longer duration of type 1 diabetes: comparison with non-diabetic autoantibody-positive and -negative donors.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Pancreatic β-cell aging in physiology and diabetes: emerging roles of m6A mRNA methylation.Journal of molecular endocrinology · 2026Review
- Generation of Regulatory T Cells Against Islet Neoantigen.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- A spatial atlas of pancreatic remodelling in type 1 diabetes.Nature metabolism · 2026Article
- Condition-Associated Pattern Extraction and Recovery From Multi-Condition Single-Cell RNA-seq Data With CAPER.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
282 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is believed to result from destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets that is mediated by autoimmune mechanisms. The classic view is that autoreactive T cells mistakenly destroy healthy ('innocent') β-cells. We propose an alternative view in which the β-cell is the key contributor to the disease. By their nature and function, β-cells are prone to biosynthetic stress with limited measures for self-defence. β-Cell stress provokes an immune attack that has considerable negative effects on the source of a vital hormone. This view would explain why immunotherapy at best delays progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus and points to opportunities to use therapies that revitalize β-cells, in combination with immune intervention strategies, to reverse the disease. We present the case that dysfunction occurs in both the immune system and β-cells, which provokes further dysfunction, and present the evidence leading to the consensus that islet autoimmunity is an essential component in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Next, we build the case for the β-cell as the trigger of an autoimmune response, supported by analogies in cancer and antitumour immunity. Finally, we synthesize a model ('connecting the dots') in which both β-cell stress and islet autoimmunity can be harnessed as targets for intervention strategies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.