ArticleBMC rheumatology2020
Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Syndrome (MCS) due to untreated hepatitis B with uncommon presentation: case report and literature review.
Article in BMC rheumatology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cryoglobulinemia Complicated by Pneumonia.Cureus · 2024Article
- Tender violaceous nodules and petechia on the legs.JAAD case reports · 2024Article
- Lung Involvement in Pulmonary Vasculitis: A Radiological Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The Role of B Cells in Adult and Paediatric Liver Injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) syndrome is a systemic inflammatory syndrome that causes small-to-medium vessel vasculitis due to cryoglobulin-containing immune complexes most commonly caused by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), and rarely by chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its clinical presentation is significantly varied, with manifestations ranging from purpura, arthralgia, and myalgia to more severe neurologic and renal involvement. Pulmonary involvement as organizing pneumonia, alveolar hemorrhage, and pulmonary vasculitis have been reported, but appear to be quite rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report an uncommon case of a patient who presented with primary pulmonary syndrome without renal involvement in the setting of MC, due to untreated chronic hepatitis B infection. Early diagnosis and consequent institution of glucocorticoids, B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibody and antiviral therapy led to a favorable outcome and prevented any fatal sequelae.
conclusionPulmonary compromise in MC syndrome is very uncommon and carries a high rate of mortality. Therefore, in patients with HBV presenting with hemoptysis, physicians must carry a high clinical suspicion for alveolar hemorrhage secondary to cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.
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