ArticleAnnals of general psychiatry2020
Associations between estradiol and testosterone and depressive symptom scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in ovariectomized women: a population-based analysis of NHANES data.
Article in Annals of general psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling links between lifestyle behaviors and depressive symptoms: a network analysis using NHANES 2007-2018 data.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Explosion of formulaic research articles, including inappropriate study designs and false discoveries, based on the NHANES US national health database.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Associations between low sex hormone concentrations and depression in older women: An observational study.Maturitas · 2023Observational
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundWomen are well known to be susceptible to developing affective disorders, yet little attention has been given to effects of ovariectomy-reduced hormones and links with depression. This population-based cross-sectional study aimed to investigate possible associations between ovariectomy-reduced hormones and depression symptom scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in ovariectomized women.
methodsData of PHQ-9 scores, demographics and comorbidities of ovariectomized women were extracted from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2013-2016) and were analyzed retrospectively.
resultsAmong ovariectomized women in the NHANES database, serum estradiol levels were significantly positively associated with PHQ-9 scores (ß = 0.014, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.028, P = 0.040), whereas serum testosterone was negatively associated with PHQ-9 scores (ß = -0.033, 95% CI: - 0.048, - 0.018, P < 0.001) after adjusting for confounders. Further stratified analyses revealed that serum estradiol was positively associated with PHQ-9 only among women with history of estrogen use. Serum testosterone levels were negatively associated with PHQ-9 among women with or without prior estrogen use but this was only observed among women aged < = 60 years (ß = - 0.057, - 0.076, - 0.038, P < 0.001).
conclusionsSerum estradiol and testosterone are associated with PHQ-9 scores indicative for depression in ovariectomized women. The associations are modified by age and history of estrogen use. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings, carefully addressing possible confounding of age-related dementia.
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