ArticleCancer cell international2020
Lonidamine potentiates the oncolytic efficiency of M1 virus independent of hexokinase 2 but via inhibition of antiviral immunity.
Article in Cancer cell international, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Can a mosquito-borne virus become a cancer therapy? rethinking Getah virus through the lens of oncolytic virotherapy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Hexokinase-2 as a Therapeutic Target: Alleviating Herpes Simplex Keratitis Through Metabolic Reprogramming.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- The Promoting Role of HK II in Tumor Development and the Research Progress of Its Inhibitors.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Oncolytic Viruses: Immunotherapy Drugs for Gastrointestinal Malignant Tumors.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundViruses are obligate parasites that depend on host cells to provide the energy and molecular precursors necessary for successful infection. The main component of virus-induced metabolic reprogramming is the activation of glycolysis, which provides biomolecular resources for viral replication. However, little is known about the crosstalk between oncolytic viruses and host glycolytic processes.
methodsA MTT assay was used to detect M1 virus-induced cell killing. Flow cytometry was used to monitor infection of M1 virus expressing the GFP reporter gene. qPCR and western blotting were used to detect gene expression. RNA sequencing was performed to evaluate gene expression under different drug treatments. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to visualize the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Caspase activity was detected. Last, a mouse xenograft model was established to evaluate the antitumor effect in vivo. Most data were analyzed with a two-tailed Student's t test or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's test for pairwise comparisons. Tumor volumes were analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare nonnormally distributed data.
resultsHere, we showed that the glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) inhibited infection by M1 virus, which we identified as a novel type of oncolytic virus, and decreased its oncolytic effect, indicating the dependence of M1 replication on glycolysis. In contrast, lonidamine, a reported hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitor, enhanced the infection and oncolytic effect of M1 virus independent of HK2. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that downregulation of the antiviral immune response contributes to the lonidamine-mediated potentiation of the infection and oncolytic effect of M1 virus, and that MYC is the key factor in the pool of antiviral immune response factors inhibited by lonidamine. Moreover, lonidamine potentiated the irreversible ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by M1 virus. Enhancement of M1's oncolytic effect by lonidamine was also identified in vivo.
conclusionsThis research demonstrated the dependence of M1 virus on glycolysis and identified a candidate synergist for M1 virotherapy.
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