ReviewPharmaceutics2020
Three-Dimensional Spheroids as In Vitro Preclinical Models for Cancer Research.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 247 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
247 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Oncogenic Role of SRPK2 in Different Types of Cancer: A Systematic Review.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Magnetic-Based Human Tissue 3D Cell Culture: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- A single bout of resistance or high-intensity interval training increases anti-cancer myokines and suppresses cancer cell growth in vitro in survivors of breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Trial
- Converting lysosomes into photothermal organelles enables nanoparticle-free tumor ablation via intracellular vapor bubbles.Science advances · 2026Article
- Uncovering the Potential of 3D Spheroids for Modeling the Cellular Crosstalk Within the Tumor Microenvironment in HNSCC.Biotechnology journal · 2026Review
- Engineering Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide)-Loaded Polymeric Nanocarriers: From Controlled Fabrication to Drug Delivery for BNCT.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional spheroid models in breast cancer: tumor microenvironment complexity, cancer stem cell-driven resistance, and translational model integration.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- GelMA-based 3D spheroids recapitulate transcriptomic and functional hallmarks of myeloid sarcoma.FEBS open bio · 2026Article
- From 2D to 3D Colorectal Cancer Patient-Derived Organoids (PDOs) and In Vivo Models: Copper(II) Complexes as Promising New Antitumor Agents.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Experimental Models and Nanotechnology-Based Platforms in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Tumor Biology to Translational Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Novel BODIPY-Loaded Liposomes Enhance Cellular Uptake and PDT Efficacy in 2D and 3D Models.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Aromatic Aminopropyl Lactams in Two Cancer Cell Models.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- Article
- Plant- and Algae-Derived Compounds Enhance the Anticancer Activity of Doxorubicin in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles From Glioblastoma Cells Reflect 2D vs. 3D Culture Adaptation and Resistance to Temozolomide.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2026Article
- Protocol for generation, time-course imaging, and automated quality control of 3D spheroid invasion using TRACEQC.STAR protocols · 2026Article
- Cyclic stretch inhibits cell invasion in 3D scaffolds.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Investigation on the Cytotoxicity of Hydroxycinnamic and Hydroxybenzoic Acid-Based Natural Antioxidant Conjugated Terpyridine Analogues toward Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Article
- The Flavonoid Rutin Enhances Temozolomide Sensitivity in Glioblastoma Spheroids by Modulating Chemoresistance via PI3K/AKT, STAT3, Redox and Kynurenine Pathways, and Altering ECM Remodeling Associated with Reduced Migration.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
187 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority of promising preclinical drugs have no or weak efficacy in real patients with tumors, thereby delaying the discovery of successful therapeutics. This is because 2D culture lacks cell-cell contacts and natural tumor microenvironment, important in tumor signaling and drug response, thereby resulting in a reduced malignant phenotype compared to the real tumor. In this sense, three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of 3D tumor systems and highlight the strategies for spheroid construction and evaluation tools of targeted therapies, focusing on their applicability in cancer research. Examples of the applicability of 3D culture for the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines are discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.