ArticlePloS one2020
Survival of MS2 and Φ6 viruses in droplets as a function of relative humidity, pH, and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrations.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed.
- Salinity-driven niche partitioning of aquatic viruses in one of Europe's largest estuaries.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Intermediate Relative Humidity Preserves Respiratory Syncytial Virus via a Semi-Solid Bioaerosol State.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Phage Stability Across Conditions: Ensuring Accurate Use of Viral Surrogates in Antiviral Testing.Viruses · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity of Airborne Virus Transmission in the Built Environment: A Narrative Review.Pathogens & immunity · 2026Review
- Multimodal Structural Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Variants: Spectroscopic and Computational Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Survival of Thermostable Φ6 Genotypes in Acidic, Basic, and UV Environments.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Preparation of LaJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2025Article
- Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 at acidic pH is driven by partial unfolding of spike.Communications biology · 2025Article
- An Assessment of the Efficacy of Commercial Air Ionizer Systems Against a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Mucin Colocalizes with Influenza Virus and Preserves Infectivity in Deposited Model Respiratory Droplets.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Rapid virucidal activity of an air sanitizer against aerosolized MS2 and Phi6 phage surrogates for non-enveloped and enveloped vertebrate viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Persistence of Phi6, a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, in simulated indoor environments: Effects of humidity and material properties.PloS one · 2025Article
- Emergence of the BA.2.87.1 lineage of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa, a highly diverged BA.2-related lineage.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- RNA Stability: A Review of the Role of Structural Features and Environmental Conditions.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Assessment of a membrane filter coated with hygroscopic glycerol for improved recovery of airborne viable bacteriophage MS2.Aerosol and air quality research · 2024Article
- Cold atmospheric plasma can effectively disinfect SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2024Article
- Review of factors affecting virus inactivation in aerosols and droplets.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024Review
- The microphysics of surrogates of exhaled aerosols from the upper respiratory tract.Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research · 2024Article
- Dependence on relative humidity in the formation of reactive oxygen species in water droplets.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation.Chemical Society reviews · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The survival of viruses in droplets is known to depend on droplets' chemical composition, which may vary in respiratory fluid between individuals and over the course of disease. This relationship is also important for understanding the persistence of viruses in droplets generated from wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. We investigated the effects of salt (0, 1, and 35 g/L), protein (0, 100, and 1000 μg/mL), surfactant (0, 1, and 10 μg/mL), and droplet pH (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0) on the viability of viruses in 1-μL droplets pipetted onto polystyrene surfaces and exposed to 20%, 50%, and 80% relative humidity (RH) using a culture-based approach. Results showed that viability of MS2, a non-enveloped virus, was generally higher than that of Φ6, an enveloped virus, in droplets after 1 hour. The chemical composition of droplets greatly influenced virus viability. Specifically, the survival of MS2 was similar in droplets at different pH values, but the viability of Φ6 was significantly reduced in acidic and basic droplets compared to neutral ones. The presence of bovine serum albumin protected both MS2 and Φ6 from inactivation in droplets. The effects of sodium chloride and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate varied by virus type and RH. Meanwhile, RH affected the viability of viruses as shown previously: viability was lowest at intermediate to high RH. The results demonstrate that the viability of viruses is determined by the chemical composition of carrier droplets, especially pH and protein content, and environmental factors. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the chemical composition of carrier droplets in order to predict the persistence of viruses contained in them.
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