ReviewJournal of travel medicine2020
Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview.
Review in Journal of travel medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Formal and informal science-policy interaction during public health emergencies of international concern: a scoping review.BMC global and public health · 2026Pooled it
- Impacts of industrial actions, protests, strikes and lockouts by health and care workers during COVID-19 and other pandemic contexts: a systematic review.Human resources for health · 2024Pooled it
- User Compliance With the Health Emergency and Disaster Management System: Systematic Literature Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- What leads to a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? A comparison of the 2026 Ebola and hantavirus outbreaks.Journal of travel medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Editorial: The WHO Identifies Ebola Disease Due to Bundibugyo Virus as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) as Vaccine Development Accelerates.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Climate Change and Emerging Arboviral Threats in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, and One Health Preparedness.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Sustained and discontinued operational changes to ethics committees in the post-pandemic era: a qualitative study in Kenya.BMC medical ethics · 2026Article
- Prevalence of antibodies against hantavirus, Leptospira, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Chlamydia psittaci in pest control workers in Germany - a cross-sectional study.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Inclusion of antimicrobial resistance in a pandemic agreement: why it matters and what comes next?Health affairs scholar · 2026Review
- From PHEIC to PHECs: reclaiming Africa's agency in global health security governance.Globalization and health · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Actual Cost and Indonesian Case-Based Groups Rate in Inpatient Suspect of Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2026Article
- Healthcare system disruption across WHO-declared PHEICs: a 4S comparative case analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Building systems for preparedness: Global scoping studies on institutional governance and National Public Health Agencies.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Vaccine cold chain and understanding what underpins vaccine security for vaccine preventable diseases.BMJ medicine · 2026Review
- Assessing the policy and institutional framework for multisectoral governance and accountability in emergency preparedness and response in Ethiopia.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Retinal Artery Occlusion.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Development and Immunogenicity Assessment of a Multi-Epitope Antigen Against Zika Virus: An In Silico and In Vivo Approach.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Trends in access to primary care among Canadian older adults before, during, and following the COVID-19 public health emergency.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Zika Virus: A Tale of Two Lineages.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
rationaleThe International Health Regulations (IHR) have been the governing framework for global health security since 2007. Declaring public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) is a cornerstone of the IHR. Here we review how PHEIC are formally declared, the diseases for which such declarations have been made from 2007 to 2020 and justifications for such declarations. KEY
findingsSix events were declared PHEIC between 2007 and 2020: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, Ebola (West African outbreak 2013-2015, outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo 2018-2020), poliomyelitis (2014 to present), Zika (2016) and COVID-19 (2020 to present). Poliomyelitis is the longest PHEIC. Zika was the first PHEIC for an arboviral disease. For several other emerging diseases a PHEIC was not declared despite the fact that the public health impact of the event was considered serious and associated with potential for international spread. RECOMMENDATIONS: The binary nature of a PHEIC declaration is often not helpful for events where a tiered or graded approach is needed. The strength of PHEIC declarations is the ability to rapidly mobilize international coordination, streamline funding and accelerate the advancement of the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics under emergency use authorization. The ultimate purpose of such declaration is to catalyse timely evidence-based action, to limit the public health and societal impacts of emerging and re-emerging disease risks while preventing unwarranted travel and trade restrictions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.