SynthesisQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation2021
Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L: a systematic review of the literature.
Synthesis in Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 11 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 563 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Value and Impact of a Stakeholder-operationalised Carer Support Nurse Role and Feasibility of a Future Wider Implementation Study
Implementing Individualized Patient Reported Outcome Measures in Routine Care of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: a Pilot Study
The Stop Osteoarthritis (SOAR) Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Type 1 Randomized Controlled Trial for Young People At-High-Risk of Early Onset Knee Osteoarthritis
i-TREAT: An Internet-based Guided Self-help Program for Adolescents and Adults With Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders - A Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of Physiologic Insulin Administration on Cognition
NOURISH HEARTS: Nutrition Outreach and Understanding: Research In Serving Hearts Through Healthy Eating And Tailored Support
Early Support After Exposure to Trauma
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder and Comorbid Treatment-Resistant Depression Who Are Undergoing Ketamine Intervention: A Feasibility Study
Self-management Support After Burns: Study Protocol for a Multicenter Stepped-wedge Hybrid Type 2 Effectiveness-implementation Study
Influence of Prehabilitation on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patient Undergoing Lung Resection Surgery
Pilot Study on the Effects Induced by an Electromyographic-controlled Functional Electrical Stimulator (FitFES) for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Post-stroke Patients
Who cites it
563 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evolving dynamic needs for patient-reported outcomes assessment in individuals with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA): A systematic review.Vascular medicine (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Psychometric properties of the health-related quality of life instrument with 8 items: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Pooled it
- The EQ-5D-5L index as a measure of health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Recreational physical activity and health-related quality of life among breast cancer survivors: a systematic review.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- Prevention of sickness absence through early identification and rehabilitation of at-risk patients with musculoskeletal disorders (PREVSAM): a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing team-based rehabilitation in primary care vs treatment as usual.BMC health services research · 2026Trial
- Impact of the EILA application on smoking cessation among hospital workers: a randomised controlled trial.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Trial
- A Randomised Feasibility Trial of a Service-Coordinated Exercise Intervention in First-Episode Psychosis: Challenges in Implementation and Outcome Assessment.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Trial
- A randomised equivalence study of the EQ-5D-5L Shona versions: evaluation of measurement equivalence between digital and paper formats.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Trial
- Health-related quality of life outcomes with nipocalimab versus placebo in generalized myasthenia gravis: an analysis of the Vivacity-MG3 study.Journal of neurology · 2026Trial
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- Trial
- Digital Self-Management of Symptoms and Quality of Life for Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Proxy reports on the EQ-5D-5L in residential aged care facilities: a validation study.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of percutaneous nephrostomy vs JJ stent in obstructive urolithiasis: economic evaluation alongside the STent Or NEphrostomy (STONE) randomised controlled trial.BJU international · 2026Trial
- Nurse‑led horticultural activities as an early intervention for mild‑to‑moderate depressive symptoms among youth in Hong Kong: an exploratory randomised controlled trial.BMC public health · 2026Trial
- Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness of SELFIE, a transdiagnostic ecological momentary intervention for improving self-esteem in youth aged 12-26 years exposed to childhood adversity: Findings from a multicenter randomized controlled trial.Psychological medicine · 2026Trial
- One-year functional outcome of the Flying Intervention Team versus patient interhospital transfer in acute ischaemic stroke.European stroke journal · 2026Trial
- The minimal clinically important difference for the patient activation measure in a culturally and linguistically diverse cohort with chronic conditions.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Improving health literacy of patients with pulmonary embolism through evidence-based health information: a feasibility study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
503 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAlthough the EQ-5D has a long history of use in a wide range of populations, the newer five-level version (EQ-5D-5L) has not yet had such extensive experience. This systematic review summarizes the available published scientific evidence on the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L.
methodsPre-determined key words and exclusion criteria were used to systematically search publications from 2011 to 2019. Information on study characteristics and psychometric properties were extracted: specifically, EQ-5D-5L distribution (including ceiling and floor), missing values, reliability (test-retest), validity (convergent, known-groups, discriminate) and responsiveness (distribution, anchor-based). EQ-5D-5L index value means, ceiling and correlation coefficients (convergent validity) were pooled across the studies using random-effects models.
resultsOf the 889 identified publications, 99 were included for review, representing 32 countries. Musculoskeletal/orthopedic problems and cancer (n = 8 each) were most often studied. Most papers found missing values (17 of 17 papers) and floor effects (43 of 48 papers) to be unproblematic. While the index was found to be reliable (9 of 9 papers), individual dimensions exhibited instability over time. Index values and dimensions demonstrated moderate to strong correlations with global health measures, other multi-attribute utility instruments, physical/functional health, pain, activities of daily living, and clinical/biological measures. The instrument was not correlated with life satisfaction and cognition/communication measures. Responsiveness was addressed by 15 studies, finding moderate effect sizes when confined to studied subgroups with improvements in health.
conclusionsThe EQ-5D-5L exhibits excellent psychometric properties across a broad range of populations, conditions and settings. Rigorous exploration of its responsiveness is needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.