ArticleJournal of pediatric urology2021
Patterns of co-occurring birth defects among infants with hypospadias.
Article in Journal of pediatric urology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and Clustering of Congenital Heart Defects Among Boys With Hypospadias.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- A population-based study of the co-occurrence of hypospadias and congenital heart defects among boys conceived with in vitro fertilization†.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Sex Hormone Levels in 323 Cases of Hypospadias With or Without Associated Malformations.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Impact of Congenital Anomalies of the Male and Female Reproductive Organs on Infertility and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Patterns of Co-Occurring Birth Defects in Chinese Infants With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A National Hospital-Based Surveillance Study.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Article
- Convergent Genetic Architecture in Concurrent Anorectal Malformations and Hypospadias: TheJournal of Indian Association of Pediatric SurgeonsArticle
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionHypospadias, one of the most common male genital birth defects, occurs in 1 out of every 200 male births in the United States and is increasing in prevalence globally.
objectiveThis study aimed to characterize the combinations of birth defects that co-occur with hypospadias more often than expected by chance, while accounting for the complex clustering patterns of congenital defects. STUDY
designWe analyzed cases with hypospadias and at least one additional co-occurring defect from the Texas Birth Defect Registry born between 1999 and 2014. For each combination, we calculated adjusted observed-to-expected (O/E) ratios, using Co-Occurring Defect Analysis (CODA).
resultsAmong 16,442 cases with hypospadias and without known syndromes, 2,084 (12.7%) had at least one additional defect. Many of the birth defect combinations within the highest adjusted O/E ratios included cardiac, musculoskeletal, and additional urogenital defects. For example, a top combination with an adjusted O/E of 139.0 included renal agenesis and dysgenesis, reduction defects of the upper limb, and other anomalies of upper limb (including shoulder girdle). High adjusted O/E ratios were also observed in combinations that included defects outside of the urogenital developmental field. For instance, the combination with the highest O/E ratio included buphthalmos, and congenital cataract and lens anomalies (adjusted O/E ratio: 192.9). Similar results were obtained when we restricted our analyses to cases with second- or third-degree hypospadias. DISCUSSION: Many combinations in the top results were expected (e.g., multiple urogenital defects); however, some combinations with seemingly unrelated patterns of defects may suggest the presence of some etiologic mechanisms yet to be identified.
conclusionIn summary, this study described patterns of co-occurring defect combinations with hypospadias that can inform further study and may provide insights for screening and diagnostic practices.
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