SynthesisNutrition journal2020
Change in mean salt intake over time using 24-h urine versus overnight and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Nutrition journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Evaluation of three prediction formulas of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of an Educational Intervention for Sodium Restriction in Patients with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Associations between gut microbiome and 24-hour blood pressure variability: a cross-sectional study highlighting sex differences and potential therapeutic targets.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Dietary Sodium-Potassium Imbalance and Hypertension: Causal Pathways Involving Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Metabolic Disorders.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- The association between the gut microbiome and 24-h blood pressure measurements in the SCAPIS study.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Association between spot urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure among Chinese adults aged 18-69 years: the SMASH study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Agreement between 24-hour urine and 24-hour food recall in measuring salt intake in primary school children in Australia.Nutrition journal · 2022Article
- Article
- The association of carotid artery atherosclerosis with the estimated excretion levels of urinary sodium and potassium and their ratio in Chinese adults.Nutrition journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLittle is known about the capacity of overnight and spot urine samples to estimate changes in mean salt intake over time. The objective of this review was to compare the estimates of change in mean population salt intake based on 24-h urine and overnight/spot urine samples.
methodsStudies were systematically identified through searches of peer-reviewed databases (Medline, Embase, Global Health, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and grey literature. Studies that reported estimates of mean salt intake for at least two time points based on both 24-h and overnight/spot urines were deemed eligible. The capacity of overnight/spot urine samples to estimate the change in mean salt intake was assessed both at the individual-study level and overall through random-effects meta-analyses. The level of heterogeneity was assessed through the I
resultsA total of 1244 records were identified, 50 were assessed as full text, and 14 studies met the criteria, capturing data on 7291 participants from seven countries. Nine and five studies collected overnight and spot urines, respectively. The comparison of the change in mean salt intake between 24-h and overnight/spot urines showed some inconsistencies at the individual study-level. The pooled mean change in salt intake was - 0.43 g/day (95% CI - 1.16 to 0.30; I
conclusionThe evidence for the capacity of overnight/spot urines to estimate changes in mean salt intake over time is uncertain. More research where overnight/spot urines are collected in parallel with 24-h urines is needed to enable a more in-depth evaluation of these alternative approaches to estimating change in mean salt intake.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.