ArticleEBioMedicine2021
Prophylactic intranasal administration of a TLR2/6 agonist reduces upper respiratory tract viral shedding in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge ferret model.
Article in EBioMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Pooled it
- Let-7a-5p/SHIP-1 Axis Drives SARS-CoV-2 Spike-1-Induced Microglial Pyroptosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Inhaled pattern recognition receptor agonists promote inducible epithelial resistance against murine betacoronavirus disease.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- Early monocyte subset signatures predict outcomes in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2: synthetic diacylated lipopeptides polarize equine macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Priming mucosal pathogen-agnostic innate immunity with an intranasal TLR2/6 agonist in an aged population.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- TLR2 Activation as a Marker of Severe COVID-19 and a Potential Therapeutic Target.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- TLR agonists as adjuvants for viral vaccines: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Upper respiratory tract immunization with PamFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Evaluation of intranasal TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051: safety, tolerability and proof of pharmacology.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- ERS International Congress 2023: highlights from the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- Toll-like Receptor 2 Mediated Immune Regulation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques.Vaccines · 2023Article
- An Update on Toll-like Receptor 2, Its Function and Dimerization in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Processes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 express abnormal levels of Toll-like receptors.Pathogens and global health · 2023Article
- Article
- TLRs: Innate Immune Sentries against SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Syrian hamster convalescence from prototype SARS-CoV-2 confers measurable protection against the attenuated disease caused by the Omicron variant.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in the prevention of viral infections: an overview.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a major ongoing global threat with huge economic burden. Like all respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 initiates infection in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Infected individuals are often asymptomatic, yet highly infectious and readily transmit virus. A therapy that restricts initial replication in the URT has the potential to prevent progression of severe lower respiratory tract disease as well as limiting person-to-person transmission.
methodsSARS-CoV-2 Victoria/01/2020 was passaged in Vero/hSLAM cells and virus titre determined by plaque assay. Challenge virus was delivered by intranasal instillation to female ferrets at 5.0 × 10
findingsWe show that prophylactic intra-nasal administration of the TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051 in a SARS-CoV-2 ferret infection model effectively reduces levels of viral RNA in the nose and throat. After 5 days post-exposure to SARS-CoV-2, INNA-051 significantly reduced virus in throat swabs (p=<0.0001) by up to a 24 fold (96% reduction) and in nasal wash (p=0.0107) up to a 15 fold (93% reduction) in comparison to untreated animals.
interpretationThe results of our study support clinical development of a therapy based on prophylactic TLR2/6 innate immune activation in the URT, to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and provide protection against COVID-19.
fundingThis work was funded by Ena Respiratory, Melbourne, Australia.
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