ReviewMicrobial pathogenesis2021
The interplay between inflammatory pathways and COVID-19: A critical review on pathogenesis and therapeutic options.
Review in Microbial pathogenesis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 208 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of Parameters Representative of Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Severe and Fatal COVID-19 Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy and adverse events of baricitinib treatment for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19, Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis and MicroRNA.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The landscape of protein post-translational modifications in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- Novel insights into diagnosis and management of hyperreactivity: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- Article
- Progress in research on osteoporosis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Transcriptomic profiling of severe and critical COVID-19 patients reveals alterations in expression, splicing and polyadenylation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The interleukin gene landscape: understanding its influence on inflammatory mechanisms in apical periodontitis.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Novel insights into the ROCK-JAK-STAT signaling pathway in upper respiratory tract infections and neurodegenerative diseases.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Review
- Pericardial and Pleural Effusions in Non-ICU Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19-A Retrospective Single-Center Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Genetic Polymorphisms of P2RX7 but Not of ADORA2A Are Associated with the Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.Reviews in medical virology · 2024Review
- Synergistic inhibition effects of andrographolide and baicalin on coronavirus mechanisms by downregulation of ACE2 protein level.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- New insight into the intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children and adults.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Review
- Coronavirus Receptor Expression Profiles in Human Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils.Cells · 2024Article
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for human diseases.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2024Review
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged as the deadliest outbreak that has now become a serious health issue to mankind. Activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine storm are crucial factors that lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients. Excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines leads to the dysregulation of the innate immune system. The cytokine storm attracts many inflammatory cells that infiltrate into the lung tissues and ultimately cause immune damage. In addition to the dysregulation of the immune system, dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) due to the downregulation of ACE2 is also associated with the mortality of COVID-19 patients. Both the mechanisms are directly or indirectly associated with cytokine storm that promotes vascular hyperpermeability, vascular edema leading to hypercoagulation and hence multiorgan damage. As of now, there is no specific treatment available for COVID-19, but scientists have purposed several treatment options including cytokine inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, immunomodulators, plasma therapy, etc. In this article, we have provided the detailed mechanism of occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammatory storm and its connection with the pre-existing inflammatory conditions. Possible treatment options to cope up with the severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are also discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.