ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2021
A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor.
Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Impact of Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on COVID-19 Severity: A Retrospective Observational Study in Ternopil Region, Ukraine.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects on the endocrine system.Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · 2023Review
- Long Chain N3-PUFA Decreases ACE2 Protein Levels and Prevents SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Use of natural cysteine protease inhibitors in limiting SARS-Co-2 fusion into human respiratory cells.Medical hypotheses · 2022Article
- Molecular imaging on ACE2-dependent transocular infection of coronavirus.Journal of medical virology · 2022Article
- The effect of various compounds on the COVID mechanisms, from chemical to molecular aspects.Biophysical chemistry · 2022Review
- Obesity and COVID-19: What are the Consequences?Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme · 2022Review
- Diabetes and COVID-19: Short- and Long-Term Consequences.Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme · 2022Review
- Re:Acute epiglottitis in a COVID-19 positive patient.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2022Article
- The Influence of Sex, Gender, and Age on COVID-19 Data in the Piedmont Region (Northwest Italy): The Virus Prefers Men.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Colonic Epithelial Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression in Blacks and Whites: Potential Implications for Pathogenesis Covid-19 Racial Disparities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Screening of potential spike glycoprotein / ACE2 dual antagonists against COVID-19 in silico molecular docking.Journal of virological methods · 2022Article
- Lack of Correlation Between Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension.Infection and drug resistance · 2022Article
- Managing SARS-CoV2 Infections Through Resolution of Inflammation by Eicosanoids: A Review.Journal of inflammation research · 2022Review
- Folic acid restricts SARS-CoV-2 invasion by methylating ACE2.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Small molecule angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: A medicinal chemistry perspective.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Antiviral strategies targeting host factors and mechanisms obliging +ssRNA viral pathogens.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 2021Review
- Multifunctional angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and critical appraisal of its role in acute lung injury.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.