ArticlePractical radiation oncology
Failure Modes in IROC Photon Liver Phantom Irradiations.
Article in Practical radiation oncology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of a cost-effective end-to-end commissioning test for simulation-omitted direct-to-unit adaptive radiotherapy.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Trends and Challenges: A 15-Year Review of Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Anthropomorphic Phantom Audits for Proton Therapy.International journal of particle therapy · 2026Article
- Comprehensive end-to-end dosimetry audit for stereotactic body radiotherapy in spine, lung, and soft tissue.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2025Article
- Analysis of Performance and Failure Modes of the IROC Proton Liver Phantom.International journal of particle therapy · 2023Article
- Adoption of respiratory motion management in radiation therapy.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeOur purpose was to analyze and classify the patterns of failure for irradiations of the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core photon liver phantom. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core's anthropomorphic liver phantom simulates multitarget liver disease with respiratory motion. Two hundred forty-nine liver phantom results from 2013 to 2019 were analyzed. Phantom irradiations that failed were categorized by the error attributed to the failure. Phantom results were also compared by demographic data, such as machine type, treatment planning system, motion management technique, number of isocenters, and whether the phantom was a first time or repeat irradiation.
resultsThe failure rate for the liver phantom was 27%. From the 68 irradiations that did not pass, 5 failure modes were identified. The most common failure mode was localization errors in the direction of motion, with over 50% of failures attributed to this mode. The second-most common failure mode was systematic dose errors. The internal target volume technique performed worse than other motion management techniques. Failure modes were different by the number of isocenters used, with multi-isocenter irradiations having more failure modes in a single phantom irradiation.
conclusionsMotion management techniques and proper alignment of moving targets play a large role in the successful irradiation of the liver phantom. These errors should be examined to ensure accurate patient treatment for liver disease or other sites where multiple moving targets are present.
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