ArticleThe Journal of hospital infection2021
Implementation of the infection prevention and control core components at the national level: a global situational analysis.
Article in The Journal of hospital infection, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Women with Post-Partum Infections in Low-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Pooled it
- Antibiotic resistance in hospital-acquired ESKAPE-E infections in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Pooled it
- National Trends in Healthcare-Associated Infections and Evaluation of Infection Prevention and Control Policies in Uzbekistan (2015-2024).Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Facility-level determinants of infection prevention and control monitoring in Somalia: evidence from the 2024 Harmonized Health Facility Assessment.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Prevention of healthcare-associated infections: ethical perspectives and professional responsibilities.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Review
- Assessment of infection prevention and control in public hospitals in the post war Tigray region of Ethiopia using the WHO Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF).Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2026Article
- Customizing infection prevention and control modules for combating healthcare-acquired infections in low-resource hospitals or resource-constrained healthcare settings: a local and global approach.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2026Article
- Thirty-one-year trends in diarrheal mortality and disability-adjusted life years attributable to lack of handwashing facilities.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Insights into the mechanisms of infection transmission via inanimate surfaces.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- A comparative analysis of infection prevention and control guidelines across Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Article
- Assessment of infection prevention and control practices in healthcare facilities in the O.R. Tambo district municipality using the WHO infection prevention and control assessment framework.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Infection prevention and healthcare epidemiology professionals in low- and middle-income countries: a needs assessment survey and call for action.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of hand hygiene implementation in hospitals in the post-war Tigray region of Ethiopia, using the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework.Infection prevention in practice · 2025Article
- The Paradox of Healthcare in the 'Superbugs' Era: Current Challenges and Future Directions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Evaluating infection prevention and control programs in Zambian hospitals using the WHO infection prevention and control assessment framework tool.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Society-Based Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines After COVID-19: A Delphi Study.Journal of nursing management · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Infection Prevention and Control Programs at the Hospital Level Based on the World Health Organization Tool.International journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluating infection prevention and control implementation in hospitals of underdeveloped region of China using the standardized WHO-IPCAF tool.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Status of infection prevention and control in Cameroon healthcare facilities: lessons learned from the WHO COVID-19 scorecard tool under the hierarchy of control model.Infection prevention in practice · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStrengthening infection prevention and control (IPC) is essential to combat healthcare-associated infections, antimicrobial resistance, and to prevent and respond to outbreaks.
aimTo assess national IPC programmes worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO) IPC core components.
methodsBetween June 1
findingsEighty-eight of 103 (85.4%) eligible countries participated; 22.7% were low-income, 19.3% lower-middle-income, 23.9% upper-middle-income, and 34.1% high-income economies. A national IPC programme existed in 62.5%, but only 26.1% had a dedicated budget. National guidelines were available in 67.0%, but only 36.4% and 21.6% of countries had an implementation strategy and evaluated compliance with guidelines, respectively. Undergraduate IPC curriculum and in-service and postgraduate IPC training were reported by 35.2%, 54.5%, and 42% of countries, respectively. Healthcare-associated infection surveillance was reported by 46.6% of countries, with significant differences ranging from 83.3% (high-income) to zero (low-income) (P < 0.001); monitoring and feedback of IPC indicators was reported by 65.9%. Only 12.5% of countries had all core components in place.
conclusionMost countries have IPC programme and guidelines, but many less have invested adequate resources and translated them in implementation and monitoring, particularly in low-income countries. Leadership support at the national and global level is needed to achieve implementation of the core components in all countries.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.