ReviewNeural regeneration research2021
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for lower extremity motor function in patients with stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Review in Neural regeneration research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for lower limb motor impairment in post-stroke hemiplegia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Comparison of the efficacy of different protocols of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on motor function, activities of daily living, and neurological function in patients with early stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Non-invasive brain stimulation for the improvement of lower extremity motor function in patients with stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy of different repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols for lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: a network meta-analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- Excitatory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Ipsilesional Hemisphere for Upper Limb Motor Function After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- rTMS Over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Augments Dual-Task Training for Mobility, Balance and Cognition in Sub-Acute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy · 2026Trial
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coupled With Visual-Feedback Cycling Exercise Improves Walking Ability and Walking Stability After Stroke: A Randomized Pilot Study.Neural plasticity · 2024Trial
- Active Rehabilitation Technologies for Post-Stroke Patients.Biosensors · 2025Review
- Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Upper and Lower Limb Motor Function and Spasticity After Stroke: A Meta-Analysis.Brain & NeuroRehabilitation · 2025Article
- Article
- The effects of rTMS combined with blood flow restriction low-intensity resistance training on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in postmenopausal women: a single-blind randomized controlled trial protocol.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- Combine effects of robotic assisted gait training with transcranial magnetic stimulation on gait metrics and balance in stroke patients: a pilot randomized control.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Update on Non-invasive Brain Stimulation on Stroke Motor Impairment: A Narrative Review.Brain & NeuroRehabilitation · 2024Review
- Improving efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of Parkinson disease gait disorders.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
- Cortical-Subcortical Functional Preservation and Rehabilitation in Neuro-Oncology:Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Recent advancements in noninvasive brain modulation for individuals with autism spectrum disorder.Neural regeneration research · 2023Review
- Changes in Resting-State Neural Activity and Nerve Fibres in Ischaemic Stroke Patients with Hemiplegia.Brain topography · 2023Article
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes neurological functional recovery in rats with traumatic brain injury by upregulating synaptic plasticity-related proteins.Neural regeneration research · 2023Article
- Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on dual-task performance in different populations: A systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- The Risk Factors of Self-Management Behavior among Chinese Stroke Patients.International journal of clinical practice · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, a type of noninvasive brain stimulation, has become an ancillary therapy for motor function rehabilitation. Most previous studies have focused on the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor function in stroke patients. There have been relatively few studies on the effects of different modalities of rTMS on lower extremity motor function and corticospinal excitability in patients with stroke. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, ISI Science Citation Index, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched. Parallel or crossover randomized controlled trials that addressed the effectiveness of rTMS in patients with stroke, published from inception to November 28, 2019, were included. Standard pairwise meta-analysis was conducted using R version 3.6.1 with the "meta" package. Bayesian network analysis using the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of different rTMS protocol interventions. Network meta-analysis results of 18 randomized controlled trials regarding lower extremity motor function recovery revealed that low-frequency rTMS had better efficacy in promoting lower extremity motor function recovery than sham stimulation. Network meta-analysis results of five randomized controlled trials demonstrated that high-frequency rTMS led to higher amplitudes of motor evoked potentials than low-frequency rTMS or sham stimulation. These findings suggest that rTMS can improve motor function in patients with stroke, and that low-frequency rTMS mainly affects motor function, whereas high-frequency rTMS increases the amplitudes of motor evoked potentials. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this conclusion. The work was registered in PROSPERO (registration No. CRD42020147055) on April 28, 2020.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.