Observational studyCirculation2021
Number of Social Determinants of Health and Fatal and Nonfatal Incident Coronary Heart Disease in the REGARDS Study.
Observational study in Circulation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2026Guideline
- Trial
- Large-scale proteomics to identify novel biomarkers linking social determinants of health to heart failure risk.Science advances · 2026Article
- Social determinants disadvantage score and liver health in the All of Us Research Program.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Practical Considerations for using Social Determinants of Health for Disease Prediction in All of Us.Research square · 2026Article
- State-Level Structural Racism and Incident Coronary Heart Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Social environments and lifestyles linked to mortality and future health risks in metabolic syndrome: evidence from UK and US nationwide cohort studies.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Practical considerations for social determinant-based disease prediction in the All of Us research program.Communications health · 2026Article
- Associations of life course social determinants of health, social mobility with cognitive function and roles of social participation and lifestyle: a multicohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Loneliness and Risk of 30-Day Hospital Readmission After Acute Myocardial Infarction.Medical care · 2025Article
- Cumulative social determinants of health and frailty risk in older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Social determinants of health and progression to cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity and mortality in people with prediabetes: A prospective cohort study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Observational
- Neighborhoods and Incident Cardiometabolic Disease in People With Disability.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Association Between Educational Inequality and Income Inequality With Metabolic Diseases and Cause-Specific Mortality.Clinical cardiology · 2025Article
- Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Cardiovascular Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Review
- Examining Healthy Lifestyles as a Mediator of the Association Between Socially Determined Vulnerabilities and Incident Heart Failure.Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- The Association Between a Summary Measure of Social Determinants of Health/Health Equity and Cardiovascular Disease Burden Among Mississippi Adults.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- The impact of social determinants of health on chronic kidney disease risk: evidence from the CHARLS study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocial determinants of health (SDH) are individually associated with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) events. Indices reflecting social deprivation have been developed for population management, but are difficult to operationalize during clinical care. We examined whether a simple count of SDH is associated with fatal incident CHD and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI).
methodsWe used data from the prospective longitudinal REGARDS cohort study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke), a national population-based sample of community-dwelling Black and White adults age ≥45 years recruited from 2003 to 2007. Seven SDH from the 5 Healthy People 2020 domains included social context (Black race, social isolation); education (educational attainment); economic stability (annual household income); neighborhood (living in a zip code with high poverty); and health care (lacking health insurance, living in 1 of the 9 US states with the least public health infrastructure). Outcomes were expert adjudicated fatal incident CHD and nonfatal MI.
resultsOf 22 152 participants free of CHD at baseline, 58.8% were women and 42.0% were Black; 20.6% had no SDH, 30.6% had 1, 23.0% had 2, and 25.8% had ≥3. There were 463 fatal incident CHD events and 932 nonfatal MIs over a median of 10.7 years (interquartile range, 6.6 to 12.7). Fewer SDHs were associated with nonfatal MI than with fatal incident CHD. The age-adjusted incidence per 1000 person-years increased with the number of SDH for both fatal incident CHD (0 SDH, 1.30; 1 SDH, 1.44; 2 SDH, 2.05; ≥3 SDH, 2.86) and nonfatal MI (0 SDH, 3.91; 1 SDH, 4.33; ≥2 SDH, 5.44). Compared with those without SDH, crude and fully adjusted hazard ratios for fatal incident CHD among those with ≥3 SDH were 3.00 (95% CI, 2.17 to 4.15) and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.37), respectively; hazard ratios for nonfatal MI among those with ≥2 SDH were 1.57 (95% CI, 1.30 to 1.90) and 1.14 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.41), respectively.
conclusionsA greater burden of SDH was associated with a graded increase in risk of incident CHD, with greater magnitude and independent associations for fatal incident CHD. Counting the number of SDHs may be a promising approach that could be incorporated into clinical care to identify individuals at high risk of CHD.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.