ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2021
Sex Differences in Macrophage Responses to Obesity-Mediated Changes Determine Migratory and Inflammatory Traits.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enhanced myelopoiesis and myeloid TREM1 upregulation link obesity with adverse outcomes after myocardial infarction.Basic research in cardiology · 2026Article
- Immunometabolic Dysregulation in Obesity: Integrating Macrophage Polarization, Metabolic Reprogramming, and Gut Microbiota Crosstalk.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- From protection to predisposition: A narrative review of sex-specific vascular responses to acute stressors across the lifespan.Physiological reports · 2026Review
- Ovarian hormones and high-fat diet duration distinctively modulate hypothalamic chemokine profile.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Modulation of alveolar macrophages by sex as a biological variable.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Impact of Obesity on Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Impact of Sex on Plasma Biomarkers in ob/ob Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in innate immune cell responses: Impact on cancer immunity and response to therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A streamlined and comprehensive protocol for the generation and multi-omic analysis of human monocyte-derived macrophages.BMC biotechnology · 2025Article
- TNF as a mediator of metabolic inflammation and body-brain interaction in obesity-driven neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Ageing research reviews · 2025Review
- Cell line-specific estrogen responses uncover functional sex differences in murine macrophages.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Addressing Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Models of Lung Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Neuroendocrinology and the Genetics of Obesity.Endocrinology · 2025Review
- The cardioprotective role of the G protein-coupled receptor FFAR4 in atherosclerosis is independent of macrophage foam cell regulation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2025Article
- Hepatic immune regulation and sex disparities.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Review
- Age and duration of obesity modulate the inflammatory response and expression of neuroprotective factors in mammalian female brain.Aging cell · 2024Article
- Sex Influences the Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy of Cardiac Nanomedicine Technologies.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Article
- Role of sex as a biological variable in neonatal alveolar macrophages.Redox biology · 2024Article
- Peripheral macrophages contribute to nociceptor priming in mice with chronic intermittent hypoxia.Science signaling · 2024Article
- Obesity Alters POMC and Kisspeptin Neuron Cross Talk Leading to Reduced Luteinizing Hormone in Male Mice.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby obesity differentially affects males and females are unclear. Because macrophages are functionally the most important cells in obesity-induced inflammation, we sought to determine reasons for male-specific propensity in macrophage migration. We previously determined that male mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit macrophage infiltration into the hypothalamus, whereas females were protected irrespective of ovarian estrogen, in this study, we show that males accumulate more macrophages in adipose tissues that are also more inflammatory. Using bone marrow cells or macrophages differentiated in vitro from male and female mice fed control or high-fat diet, we demonstrated that macrophages derived from male mice are intrinsically more migratory. We determined that males have higher levels of leptin in serum and adipose tissue. Serum CCL2 levels, however, are the same in males and females, although they are increased in obese mice compared with lean mice of both sexes. Leptin receptor and free fatty acid (FFA) receptor, GPR120, are upregulated only in macrophages derived from male mice when cultured in the presence of FFA to mimic hyperlipidemia of obesity. Unless previously stimulated with LPS, CCL2 did not cause migration of macrophages. Leptin, however, elicited migration of macrophages from both sexes. Macrophages from male mice maintained migratory capacity when cultured with FFA, whereas female macrophages failed to migrate. Therefore, both hyperlipidemia and hyperleptinemia contribute to male macrophage-specific migration because increased FFA induce leptin receptors, whereas higher leptin causes migration. Our results may explain sex differences in obesity-mediated disorders caused by macrophage infiltration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.