ArticleThe Science of the total environment2021
Quantifying the risk of indoor drainage system in multi-unit apartment building as a transmission route of SARS-CoV-2.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantifying Vibrio Infection Risks From Beach Recreation Along U.S. Eastern Seaboard in Year 2100.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Occupants and surface types drive microbial dynamics in controlled indoor environments.Environmental microbiome · 2025Article
- Applications of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to Respiratory Pathogens and Implications for Uptake in Policy: A State-of-the-Science Review.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Review
- Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Contracting COVID-19 Derived from Measured and Simulated Aerosol Particle Transmission in Aircraft Cabins.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Combined Infection Control Interventions Protect Essential Food Workers from Occupational Exposures to SARS-CoV-2 in the Agricultural Environment.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- A review on indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19- modelling and mitigation approaches.Journal of building engineering · 2023Review
- Virus Emissions from Toilet Flushing: Comparing Urine-Diverting to Mix Flush Toilets.ACS ES&T water · 2023Article
- Impact of ventilation and avoidance measures on SARS-CoV-2 risk of infection in public indoor environments.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- A review of facilities management interventions to mitigate respiratory infections in existing buildings.Building and environment · 2022Article
- CFD Numerical Simulation in Building Drainage Stacks as an Infection Pathway of COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Can spike fragments of SARS-CoV-2 induce genomic instability and DNA damage in the guppy, Poecilia reticulate? An unexpected effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- Fragments SARS-Cov-2 in aquatic organism represent an additional environmental risk concern: Urgent need for research.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?The Science of the total environment · 2021Review
- Wastewater aerosols produced during flushing toilets, WWTPs, and irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater as indirect exposure to SARS-CoV-2.Journal of environmental chemical engineering · 2021Review
- Uncertainties in estimating SARS-CoV-2 prevalence by wastewater-based epidemiology.Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) · 2021Review
- A critical review on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in water and wastewater. What do we know?The Science of the total environment · 2021Review
- Time-Variant Positive Air Pressure in Drainage Stacks as a Pathogen Transmission Pathway of COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on human society. The isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from patients' feces on human cell line raised concerns of possible transmission through human feces including exposure to aerosols generated by toilet flushing and through the indoor drainage system. Currently, routes of transmission, other than the close contact droplet transmission, are still not well understood. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate the health risks associated with two aerosol exposure scenarios: 1) toilet flushing, and 2) faulty connection of a floor drain with the building's main sewer pipe. SARS-CoV-2 data were collected from the emerging literature. The infectivity of the virus in feces was estimated based on a range of assumption between viral genome equivalence and infectious unit. The human exposure dose was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation of viral concentrations in aerosols under each scenario and human breathing rates. The probability of COVID-19 illness was generated using the dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1, a close relative of SARS-CoV-2, that was responsible for the SARS outbreak in 2003. The results indicate the median risks of developing COVID-19 for a single day exposure is 1.11 × 10
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.