ArticleEntropy (Basel, Switzerland)2018
Measuring Integrated Information: Comparison of Candidate Measures in Theory and Simulation.
Article in Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Convergent transcriptomic and connectomic controllers of information integration and its anaesthetic breakdown across mammalian brains.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- When Wholes Resist Decomposition: A Spectral Measure of Epistemic Emergence.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The integrated information Φ of an integrate and fire network.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Resonant closure: consciousness as a dynamically self-stabilized informational state.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Toward a unified taxonomy of information dynamics via Integrated Information Decomposition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Information dynamics and the emergence of high-order individuality in ecosystems.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Capturing the emergent dynamical structure in biophysical neural models.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- On the measurability of consciousness.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Decrease and recovery of integrated information Φ during anesthesia and sleep on human functional magnetic resonance imaging.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2025Article
- Information structure of heterogeneous criticality in a fish school.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Toward stressor-free stress estimation: The integrated information theory explains the information dynamics of stress.iScience · 2024Article
- A synergistic workspace for human consciousness revealed by Integrated Information Decomposition.eLife · 2024Article
- Effects of External Stimulation on Psychedelic State Neurodynamics.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Exploring effects of anesthesia on complexity, differentiation, and integrated information in rat EEG.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2024Article
- Information-Theoretic Approaches in EEG Correlates of Auditory Perceptual Awareness under Informational Masking.Biology · 2023Article
- An implementation of integrated information theory in resting-state fMRI.Communications biology · 2023Article
- A systematic approach to brain dynamics: cognitive evolution theory of consciousness.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2023Article
- Non-Separability of Physical Systems as a Foundation of Consciousness.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The ambiguous feeling between "mine" and "not-mine" measured by integrated information theory during rubber hand illusion.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is a prominent theory of consciousness that has at its centre measures that quantify the extent to which a system generates more information than the sum of its parts. While several candidate measures of integrated information (" Φ ") now exist, little is known about how they compare, especially in terms of their behaviour on non-trivial network models. In this article, we provide clear and intuitive descriptions of six distinct candidate measures. We then explore the properties of each of these measures in simulation on networks consisting of eight interacting nodes, animated with Gaussian linear autoregressive dynamics. We find a striking diversity in the behaviour of these measures-no two measures show consistent agreement across all analyses. A subset of the measures appears to reflect some form of dynamical complexity, in the sense of simultaneous segregation and integration between system components. Our results help guide the operationalisation of IIT and advance the development of measures of integrated information and dynamical complexity that may have more general applicability.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.