Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33264556›Full record

Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2021

Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 - Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results.

WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Hongchao Pan, Richard Peto, Ana-Maria Henao-Restrepo, Marie-Pierre Preziosi, Vasee Sathiyamoorthy, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Marissa M Alejandria, César Hernández García, Marie-Paule Kieny and 65 more

3 registry-linked trialsOpen access · greenAbstract readComparative StudyMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,551 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1,551citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
59.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04315948 phase3completednot on this map

Multi-centre, Adaptive, Randomized Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Treatments of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults

TypeinterventionalSponsorInstitut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, FranceRan2020 to 2023Enrolled1,552ConditionsCorona Virus InfectionArmsRemdesivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Interferon Beta-1A, Hydroxychloroquine, Standard of care
NCT04330690 phase3unknown statusnot on this map

A Multi-centre, Adaptive, Randomized, Open-label, Controlled Clinical Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Investigational Therapeutics for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients (CATCO: Canadian Treatments for COVID-19), in Conjunction With the Public Health Emergency SOLIDARITY Trial (World Health Organization)

TypeinterventionalSponsorSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreRan2020 to 2024Enrolled2,900ConditionsCOVID-19ArmsArtesunate, Imatinib, Infliximab, Dexamethasone, LSALT Peptide
NCT04970719 phase3withdrawnnot on this map

The Efficacy of Baricitinib Plus Remdesivir Compared to Dexamethasone Plus Remdesivir in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

TypeinterventionalSponsorBangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic DisordersRan2021 to 2021Enrolled0ConditionsCOVID-19 PneumoniaArmsBaricitinib, Dexamethasone, Remdesivir
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1,551 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,601 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  15. Review
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1,491 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

75 authors.

WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium
Hongchao PanThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Richard PetoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Ana-Maria Henao-RestrepoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Marie-Pierre PreziosiThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Vasee SathiyamoorthyThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Quarraisha Abdool KarimThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Marissa M AlejandriaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
César Hernández GarcíaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Marie-Paule KienyThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Reza MalekzadehThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Srinivas MurthyThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
K Srinath ReddyThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Mirta Roses PeriagoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Pierre Abi HannaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Florence AderThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Abdullah M Al-BaderThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Almonther AlhasawiThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Emma AllumThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Athari AlotaibiThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Carlos A Alvarez-MorenoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Sheila AppadooThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Abdullah AsiriThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Pål AukrustThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Andreas Barratt-DueThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Samir BellaniThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Mattia BrancaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Heike B C Cappel-PorterThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Nery CerratoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Ting S ChowThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Najada ComoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Joe EustaceThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Patricia J GarcíaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Sheela GodboleThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Eduardo GotuzzoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Laimonas GriskeviciusThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Rasha HamraThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Mariam HassanThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Mohamed HassanyThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
David HuttonThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Irmansyah IrmansyahThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Ligita JancorieneThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Jana KirwanThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Suresh KumarThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Peter LennonThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Gustavo LopardoThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Patrick LydonThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Nicola MagriniThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Teresa MaguireThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Suzana ManevskaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Oriol ManuelThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Sibylle McGintyThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Marco T MedinaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
María L Mesa RubioThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Maria C Miranda-MontoyaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Jeremy NelThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Estevao P NunesThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Markus PerolaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Antonio PortolésThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Menaldi R RasminThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Aun RazaThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Helen ReesThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Paula P S RegesThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Chris A RogersThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Kolawole SalamiThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Marina I SalvadoriThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Narvina SinaniThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Jonathan A C SterneThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Milena StevanovikjThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Evelina TacconelliThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Kari A O TikkinenThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Sven TrelleThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Hala ZaidThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
John-Arne RøttingenThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.
Soumya SwaminathanThe affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundación del Centro de Estudios Infectológicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland.

Funding

The FIOCRUZ Therapeutic and Prevention HIV/AIDS Clinical Trials Unit (FioTrials)UM1AI069476 · NIAID · FUNDACAO OSWALDO CRUZ · PI BEATRIZ GRINSZTEJN · 2012 to 2026
$26.3M
The FIOCRUZ Therapeutic and Prevention HIV/AIDS Clinical Trials Unit (FioTrials)U01AI069476 · NIAID · FUNDACAO OSWALDO CRUZ · PI GRINSZTEJN, BEATRIZ · 2008 to 2011
$14.0M
NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI069476NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI069476World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWorld Health Organization expert groups recommended mortality trials of four repurposed antiviral drugs - remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a - in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19).

methodsWe randomly assigned inpatients with Covid-19 equally between one of the trial drug regimens that was locally available and open control (up to five options, four active and the local standard of care). The intention-to-treat primary analyses examined in-hospital mortality in the four pairwise comparisons of each trial drug and its control (drug available but patient assigned to the same care without that drug). Rate ratios for death were calculated with stratification according to age and status regarding mechanical ventilation at trial entry.

resultsAt 405 hospitals in 30 countries, 11,330 adults underwent randomization; 2750 were assigned to receive remdesivir, 954 to hydroxychloroquine, 1411 to lopinavir (without interferon), 2063 to interferon (including 651 to interferon plus lopinavir), and 4088 to no trial drug. Adherence was 94 to 96% midway through treatment, with 2 to 6% crossover. In total, 1253 deaths were reported (median day of death, day 8; interquartile range, 4 to 14). The Kaplan-Meier 28-day mortality was 11.8% (39.0% if the patient was already receiving ventilation at randomization and 9.5% otherwise). Death occurred in 301 of 2743 patients receiving remdesivir and in 303 of 2708 receiving its control (rate ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 1.11; P = 0.50), in 104 of 947 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and in 84 of 906 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.59; P = 0.23), in 148 of 1399 patients receiving lopinavir and in 146 of 1372 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.25; P = 0.97), and in 243 of 2050 patients receiving interferon and in 216 of 2050 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.39; P = 0.11). No drug definitely reduced mortality, overall or in any subgroup, or reduced initiation of ventilation or hospitalization duration.

conclusionsThese remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon regimens had little or no effect on hospitalized patients with Covid-19, as indicated by overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay. (Funded by the World Health Organization; ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN83971151; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04315948.).

Indexed as

COVID-19 Drug TreatmentAdenosine MonophosphateAgedAlanineAntiviral AgentsCOVID-19Drug Therapy, CombinationFemaleHospitalizationHospital MortalityHumansHydroxychloroquineIntention to Treat AnalysisInterferon beta-1aKaplan-Meier EstimateLength of StayAdenosine MonophosphateAlanineAntiviral AgentsHydroxychloroquineInterferon beta-1aLopinavirremdesivir

Identifiers

PMID33264556
PMCPMC7727327
OpenAlexW3110466220

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.