ArticlePloS one2020
The human axial length and choroidal thickness responses to continuous and alternating episodes of myopic and hyperopic blur.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral refraction, relative peripheral refraction, and axial growth: 18-month data from the randomised study-Clinical study Of Near-sightedness; TReatment with Orthokeratology Lenses (CONTROL study).Acta ophthalmologica · 2023Trial
- Changes in choroidal and retinal thickness 6 months before and during 18 months of orthokeratology lens treatment in myopic children.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Article
- Variations of axial eye shortening in response to positive defocus over the day.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- Multifocal electroretinography assessment of retinal responses to myopic defocus lenses.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Influence of time-of-day and light wavelengths on ocular responses to defocus.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Research Tendency and Frontiers of Multifocal Lenses in Myopic Control in the Past Two Decades: A Bibliometric Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Interactions Between High-Intensity Light and Unrestricted Vision in the Drive for Hyperopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Ocular biometric responses to simulated polychromatic defocus.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- Peripheral Contrast Reduction Optically Induced by Scattering Lenses Thickens Peripheral Choroid.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- Optic Nerve Head Morphology and Macula Ganglion Cell Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in Axially Anisometropic Rhesus Monkeys.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Peripheral Choroidal Response to Localized Defocus Blur: Influence of Native Peripheral Aberrations.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Short-Term Myopic Defocus and Choroidal Thickness in Children and Adults.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Impact of multifocal gas-permeable lens designs on short-term choroidal response, axial length, and retinal defocus profile.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Review
- IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Review
- Bi-directional Refractive Compensation for With-the-Rule and Against-the-Rule Astigmatism in Young Adults.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- The effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and modulation of refractive error in hyperopes.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2022Article
- Transient Changes in Wide-Field Choroidal Thickness after Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia: A Case-Control Study.Journal of current ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the change in axial length (AxL) and choroidal thickness (ChT) in response to continuous and alternating episodes of monocular myopic and hyperopic defocus.
methodsThe right eye of sixteen young adults was exposed to 60 minute episodes of either continuous or alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus (+3 DS & -3 DS) over six separate days, with the left eye optimally corrected for distance. During alternating defocus conditions, the eye was exposed to either 30 or 15 minute cycles of myopic and hyperopic defocus, with the order of defocus reversed in separate sessions. The AxL and ChT of the right eye were measured before, during and after each defocus condition.
resultsSignificant changes in AxL were observed over time, dependent upon the defocus condition (p < 0.0001). In general, AxL exhibited a greater magnitude of change during continuous than alternating defocus conditions. The maximum AxL elongation was +7 ± 7 μm (p = 0.010) in response to continuous hyperopic defocus and the maximum AxL reduction was -8 ± 10 μm of (p = 0.046) in response to continuous myopic defocus. During both 30 and 15 minute cycles of alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus of equal duration, the effect of opposing blur sessions cancelled each other and the AxL was near baseline levels following the final defocus session (mean change from baseline across all alternating defocus conditions was +2 ± 10 μm, p > 0.05). Similar, but smaller magnitude, changes were observed for ChT.
conclusionsThe human eye appears capable of temporal averaging of visual cues from alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus. In the short term, this integration appears to be a cancellation of the effects of the preceding defocus condition of opposite sign.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.