SynthesisBMC medicine2020
Serological evidence of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estimates of epidemiological parameters for H5N1 influenza in humans: a rapid review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Species-Agnostic Tools for HPAI H5N1 Antibody and Antigen Detection in Dairy Cows, Chickens, and Humans.Research square · 2026Article
- Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies.The Journal of infection · 2026Review
- Cattle and human organoids reveal 2.3.4.4b H5N1 cross-species transmission potential and neuraminidase-specific neutralizing antibodies in humans.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Review
- Respirable Aerosol Production and Reduction of Avian Influenza Transmission Risk during Chicken Processing, Bangladesh.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Antibody Recognition of Highly and Low-Pathogenic A/H5Nx Influenza Viruses in Sera of Mexican Donors.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Detecting Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses through Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Surveillance, Cambodia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Adjuvanted influenza vaccination increases pre-existing H5N1 cross-reactive antibodies.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Serologic Investigation of Poultry Farm Workers Associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Outbreaks in the Republic of Korea during the 2024-2025 season.Public health weekly report · 2026Article
- Evolution, spread and impact of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza A viruses.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Tracking the Progression from IAV (H5N1) to IAV (H7N9) and Preparing for Emerging Challenges.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to highly pathogenic avian influenza 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in the United States.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A Cross-Sectional Virological and Sero-Epidemiological Study of Exposures to Avian Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) Viruses in Live Bird Market Workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Introducing a framework for within-host dynamics and mutations modelling of H5N1 influenza infection in humans.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
- Occupational Risk from Avian Influenza Viruses at Different Ecological Interfaces Between 1997 and 2019.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Pandemic risk stemming from the bovine H5N1 outbreak: an account of the knowns and unknowns.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Effect of Prior Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection on Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Ferret Model.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals.Nature · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHighly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus poses a global public health threat given severe and fatal zoonotic infections since 1997 and ongoing A(H5N1) virus circulation among poultry in several countries. A comprehensive assessment of the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus antibodies remains a gap and limits understanding of the true risk of A(H5N1) virus infection.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published serosurveys to assess the risk of subclinical and clinically mild A(H5N1) virus infections. We assessed A(H5N1) virus antibody titers and changes in titers among populations with variable exposures to different A(H5N1) viruses.
resultsAcross studies using the World Health Organization-recommended seropositive definition, the point estimates of the seroprevalence of A(H5N1) virus-specific antibodies were higher in poultry-exposed populations (range 0-0.6%) and persons exposed to both human A(H5N1) cases and infected birds (range 0.4-1.8%) than in close contacts of A(H5N1) cases or the general population (none to very low frequencies). Seroprevalence was higher in persons exposed to A(H5N1) clade 0 virus (1.9%, range 0.7-3.2%) than in participants exposed to other clades of A(H5N1) virus (range 0-0.5%) (p < 0.05). Seroprevalence was higher in poultry-exposed populations (range 0-1.9%) if such studies utilized antigenically similar A(H5N1) virus antigens in assays to A(H5N1) viruses circulating among poultry.
conclusionsThese low seroprevalences suggest that subclinical and clinically mild human A(H5N1) virus infections are uncommon. Standardized serological survey and laboratory methods are needed to fully understand the extent and risk of human A(H5N1) virus infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.