ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2020
Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Pakistan: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Length of hospital stay and associated treatment costs for patients with susceptible and antibiotic-resistantBMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Direct Hospitalization Costs Associated with Resistant and SusceptibleFoodborne pathogens and disease · 2026Article
- Economic burden of typhoid among hospitalised children in Kenya.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of mdh, dld, tcfA, and folE gene markers for detection of enteric fever using real-time PCR.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Examining epidemiological models and economic analyses of typhoid conjugate vaccine: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Microarray patch vaccines for typhoid conjugate vaccines: A global cost-effectiveness analysis.Vaccine · 2025Article
- The origins of haplotype 58 (H58) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction strategies in Bangladesh.Vaccine · 2024Article
- The cost of typhoid illness in low- and middle-income countries, a scoping review of the literature.PloS one · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Associations of the COVID-19 pandemic with the reported incidence of important endemic infectious disease agents and syndromes in Pakistan.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Article
- Cost of Illness Due to Severe Enteric Fever in India.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Introducing Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in South Asia: Lessons From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Bangladesh: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Nepal: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe objective of this study was to estimate the cost of illness from enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) at selected sites in Pakistan.
methodsWe implemented a cost-of-illness study in 4 hospitals as part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) II in Pakistan. From the patient and caregiver perspective, we collected direct medical, nonmedical, and indirect costs per case of enteric fever incurred since illness onset by phone after enrollment and 6 weeks later. From the health care provider perspective, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used at 3 of the hospitals, to estimate the direct medical economic costs to treat a case of enteric fever. We collected costs in Pakistani rupees and converted them into 2018 US dollars. We multiplied the unit cost per procedure by the frequency of procedures in the surveillance case cohort to calculate the average cost per case.
resultsWe collected patient and caregiver information for 1029 patients with blood culture-confirmed enteric fever or with a nontraumatic terminal ileal perforation, with a median cost of illness per case of US $196.37 (IQR, US $72.89-496.40). The median direct medical and nonmedical costs represented 8.2% of the annual labor income. From the health care provider perspective, the estimated average direct medical cost per case was US $50.88 at Hospital A, US $52.24 at Hospital B, and US $11.73 at Hospital C.
conclusionsEnteric fever can impose a considerable economic burden in Pakistan. These new estimates of the cost of illness of enteric fever can improve evaluation and modeling of the costs and benefits of enteric fever prevention and control measures, including typhoid conjugate vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.