ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2020
Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Bangladesh: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Length of hospital stay and associated treatment costs for patients with susceptible and antibiotic-resistantBMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Examining epidemiological models and economic analyses of typhoid conjugate vaccine: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Microarray patch vaccines for typhoid conjugate vaccines: A global cost-effectiveness analysis.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction strategies in Bangladesh.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Methods used to account for caregivers' sex and gender within studies examining the financial burden of caregivers of children and adolescents : Results from a scoping review.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2024Article
- The cost of typhoid illness in low- and middle-income countries, a scoping review of the literature.PloS one · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Typhoid Control in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Disease-specific distress healthcare financing and catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization in Bangladesh.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
- Typhoid in Bangladesh: Challenges, efforts, and recommendations.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Article
- Acute febrile illness among outpatients seeking health care in Bangladeshi hospitals prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2022Article
- Cost of Illness Due to Severe Enteric Fever in India.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Nepal: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Pakistan: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Introducing Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in South Asia: Lessons From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
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8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe conducted a cost of illness study to assess the economic burden of pediatric enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) in Bangladesh. Results can inform public health policies to prevent enteric fever.
methodsThe study was conducted at 2 pediatric health facilities in Dhaka. For the patient and caregiver's perspective, we administered questionnaires on costs incurred from illness onset until the survey dates to caregivers of patients with blood culture positive cases at enrollment and 6 weeks later to estimate the direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs. From the perspective of the health care provider, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used by the 2 hospitals to estimate the direct medical economic costs to treat a case of enteric fever. We collected costs in Bangladeshi takas and converted them into 2018 US dollars. We multiplied the unit cost per procedure by the frequency of procedures in the surveillance case cohort to calculate the average cost per case.
resultsAmong the 1772 patients from whom we collected information, the median cost of illness per case of enteric fever from the patient and caregiver perspective was US $64.03 (IQR: US $33.90 -$173.48). Median direct medical and nonmedical costs per case were 3% of annual labor income across the sample. From the perspective of the healthcare provider, the average direct medical cost per case was US $58.64 (range: US $37.25 at Hospital B, US $73.27 at Hospital A).
conclusionsOur results show substantial economic burden of enteric fever in Bangladesh, with higher costs for patients receiving inpatient care. As antimicrobial resistance increases globally, the cost of illness could increase, due to more expensive and potent drugs required for treatment.
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