ArticleReproductive health2020
The relationship between birth intervals and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in six low and lower-middle income countries.
Article in Reproductive health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01073475 (Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research Maternal Newborn Health Registry), which is not on this map. Cited by 42 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research Maternal Newborn Health Registry
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Preconception health risks among women of reproductive age in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of implications for preconception care.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Short birth interval in the Asia-Pacific region: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Birth spacing and risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Pooled it
- Potential effect of immediate postpartum use of injectable contraception on lactogenesis.Contraception · 2025Trial
- Factors Affecting the Interval Between Marriage and the Birth of the First Child 2018-2023: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Patterns and determinants of short and long interpregnancy intervals among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a population-based cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Multilevel analysis of women's empowerment and maternal high-risk fertility behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2011-2022.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Trauma-induced keratoacanthomas following skin cancer excisions.Dermatology online journal · 2026Article
- Maternal circulating sFlt-1/placental growth factor is a biomarker of fetal death associated with placental lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion.Journal of perinatal medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of Short and Long Interpregnancy Intervals on Neonatal Outcomes: A Multiclassification Cohort Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Birth intervals and the risk of perinatal mortality in Indonesia: findings from a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- A cluster level study for the identification of the disparities in birth intervals between rural and urban areas of Bangladesh.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- The effects of government-led cash transfer programmes on behavioural and health determinants of mortality: a difference-in-differences study.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Article
- Short interpregnancy interval following reproductive coercion: A prospective cohort study of pregnant Ethiopian women.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- The optimal childbearing age and birth spacing in china: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Maternal social determinants of health: the hidden face of perinatal mortality in Mexico.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Experiences of social support and the role of engagement in a digital educational support group for adolescent mothers' health in the Dominican Republic.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 17 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDue to high fertility rates in some low and lower-middle income countries, the interval between pregnancies can be short, which may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
methodsWe analyzed data from women enrolled in the NICHD Global Network Maternal Newborn Health Registry (MNHR) from 2013 through 2018. We report maternal characteristics and outcomes in relationship to the inter-delivery interval (IDI, time from previous delivery [live or stillborn] to the delivery of the index birth), by category of 6-17 months (short), 18-36 months (reference), 37-60 months, and 61-180 months (long). We used non-parametric tests for maternal characteristics, and multivariable logistic regression models for outcomes, controlling for differences in baseline characteristics.
resultsWe evaluated 181,782 women from sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Kenya, Guatemala, India, and Pakistan. Women with short IDI varied by site, from 3% in the Zambia site to 20% in the Pakistan site. Relative to a 18-36 month IDI, women with short IDI had increased risk of neonatal death (RR = 1.89 [1.74, 2.05]), stillbirth (RR = 1.70 [1.56, 1.86]), low birth weight (RR = 1.38 [1.32, 1.44]), and very low birth weight (RR = 2.35 [2.10, 2.62]). Relative to a 18-36 month IDI, women with IDI of 37-60 months had an increased risk of maternal death (RR 1.40 [1.05, 1.88]), stillbirth (RR 1.14 [1.08, 1.22]), and very low birth weight (RR 1.10 [1.01, 1.21]). Relative to a 18-36 month IDI, women with long IDI had increased risk of maternal death (RR 1.54 [1.10, 2.16]), neonatal death (RR = 1.25 [1.14, 1.38]), stillbirth (RR = 1.50 [1.38, 1.62]), low birth weight (RR = 1.22 [1.17, 1.27]), and very low birth weight (RR = 1.47 [1.32,1.64]). Short and long IDIs were also associated with increased risk of obstructed labor, hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, fetal malposition, infection, hospitalization, preterm delivery, and neonatal hospitalization.
conclusionsIDI varies by site. When compared to 18-36 month IDI, women with both short IDI and long IDI had increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
trial registrationThe MNHR is registered at NCT01073475 .
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.