ArticleInternational journal of cancer2021
Adolescent use of hair dyes, straighteners and perms in relation to breast cancer risk.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic evidence mapping informs a class-based approach to assessing personal care products and pubertal timing.Environment international · 2023Pooled it
- Cosmetic Product Use Behaviors, Health Risk Perceptions, and Adverse Effect Experiences Among Adolescents in Türkiye.Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Use of Chemical Hair Straighteners and Menstrual Disturbances.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2026Article
- A prospective study of hair dyes and uterine leiomyomata incidence in the study of environment, lifestyle, and fibroids.Fertility and sterility · 2026Article
- The Power of Strategic Social Media Influencer Communication to Improve Black Women's Knowledge and Awareness of Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Surveys of Instagram Users.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Chemicals of concern in select packaged hair relaxers available on the Kenyan market: an examination of ingredient labels and measurement of pH.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Hair Straightener Use in Relation to Prevalent and Incident Fibroids in the Sister Study with a Focus on Black Women.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Invited Perspective: Critical Needs for Advancing Beauty Justice.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Hepatocellular carcinoma antibodies preferably identify nitro-oxidative-DNA lesions induced by 4-Chloro-orthophenylenediamine and DEANO.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Hair product use and urinary biomarker concentrations of non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals among reproductive-aged Black women.Chemosphere · 2024Article
- Combined Exposures and Mixtures Research: An Enduring NIEHS Priority.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Personal Care Product Use during Puberty and Incident Breast Cancer among Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in a Prospective US-Wide Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Beauty Beware: Associations between Perceptions of Harm and Safer Hair-Product-Purchasing Behaviors in a Cross-Sectional Study of Adults Affiliated with a University in the Northeast.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Assessment of personal care product use and perceptions of use in a sample of US adults affiliated with a university in the Northeast.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Response to Etminan.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of impairment in hair and scalp induced by hair dyeing and perming and potential interventions.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Use of Straighteners and Other Hair Products and Incident Uterine Cancer.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Article
- Hair Dye Ingredients and Potential Health Risks from Exposure to Hair Dyeing.Chemical research in toxicology · 2022Review
- The importance of addressing early life environmental exposures in cancer epidemiology.Current epidemiology reports · 2022Article
- Personal care products: Demographic characteristics and maternal hormones in pregnant women from Puerto Rico.Environmental research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hair products can contain hormonally active and carcinogenic compounds. Adolescence may be a period of enhanced susceptibility of the breast tissue to exposure to chemicals. We therefore evaluated associations between adolescent hair product use and breast cancer risk. Sister Study participants (ages 35-74 years) who had completed enrollment questionnaires (2003-2009) on use of hair dyes, straighteners/relaxers and perms at ages 10 to 13 years (N = 47 522) were included. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for associations between hair products and incident breast cancer (invasive cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ), with consideration of heterogeneity by menopausal status and race/ethnicity. Over an average of 10 years of follow-up, 3380 cases were diagnosed. Frequent use of straighteners and perms was associated with a higher risk of premenopausal (HR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.26-3.55 and HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.96-2.53, respectively) but not postmenopausal breast cancer (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.76-1.30 and HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.89-1.35, respectively). Permanent hair dye use during adolescence was uncommon (<3%) and not associated with breast cancer overall (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.78-1.20), though any permanent dye use was associated with a higher risk among black women (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.01-3.11). Although frequency of use of perms (37% non-Hispanic white vs 9% black) and straighteners (3% non-Hispanic white vs 75% black) varied by race/ethnicity, associations with breast cancer did not. Use of hair products, specifically perms and straighteners, during adolescence may be associated with a higher risk of premenopausal breast cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.