ReviewMagnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine2022
The Glymphatic System: A Review of the Challenges in Visualizing its Structure and Function with MR Imaging.
Review in Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): redefining its interpretation and role.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Beyond FLAIR: PRISM (polarity-preserving real inversion solute mapping)-a new Frontier in real inversion recovery MRI for intracranial and sensory organ fluid assessment.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Higher educational attainment, accelerated tau, and slower decline: unraveling the Alzheimer's paradox.European radiology · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-based segmentation of perisinusoidal tissue along the superior sagittal sinus in human brain magnetic resonance imaging.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Role Shift of Glial Cells from Physiology to Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease: The Regulatory Impact of Exercise.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Longitudinal Diffusion MRI Characterizes Persistent Perivascular Diffusivity Asymmetry and White Matter Abnormalities After Cranioplasty for Decompressive Craniectomy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The role of sleep disorders in the motoric and cognitive trajectories of older physically frail sarcopenic and healthy active subjects: SOMNUS-DARE, a prospective cohort study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Quantifying cerebrospinal fluid flow in pial perivascular spaces of rats.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Ocular Solute Movement Direction and Intracranial Clearance via Vitreous Gadolinium-based Contrast Agent MR Imaging: Potential as a Novel Biomarker for Glymphatic Dysfunction.Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · 2026Article
- Glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system imbalance: a peripheral-to-central inflammatory bridge in perioperative neurocognitive disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Glymphatic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in tuberculous meningitis: insights from diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS).Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Article
- 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Review
- Review
- White matter and glymphatic system alterations in patients with focal epilepsy: insights from PSMD and DTI-ALPS index.Neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Modulating Cerebrospinal Fluid Composition in Neurodegenerative Processes: Modern Drug Delivery and Clearance Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Association between the Presence of the Parasagittal Cyst-like Structures and Cognitive Function.Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · 2025Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on glymphatic flow dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism spectrum.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- The glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems may converge, connecting traumatic brain injury progression with chronic traumatic encephalopathy onset.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2025Review
- Periventricular diffusivity reflects APOE ε4-modulated amyloid accumulation and cognitive impairment in the Alzheimer's disease continuum.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) was previously thought to be the only organ system lacking lymphatic vessels to remove waste products from the interstitial space. Recently, based on the results from animal experiments, the glymphatic system was hypothesized. In this hypothesis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the periarterial spaces, enters the interstitial space of the brain parenchyma via aquaporin-4 (AQP4) channels in the astrocyte end feet, and then exits through the perivenous space, thereby clearing waste products. From the perivenous space, the interstitial fluid drains into the subarachnoid space and meningeal lymphatics of the parasagittal dura. It has been reported that the glymphatic system is particularly active during sleep. Impairment of glymphatic system function might be a cause of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, glaucoma, and others. Meningeal lymphatics regulate immunity in the CNS. Many researchers have attempted to visualize the function and structure of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics in vivo using MR imaging. In this review, we aim to summarize these in vivo MR imaging studies and discuss the significance, current limitations, and future directions. We also discuss the significance of the perivenous cyst formation along the superior sagittal sinus, which is recently discovered in the downstream of the glymphatic system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.