ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2021
A Sister Lineage of Sampled Retroviruses Corroborates the Complex Evolution of Retroviruses.
Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pre-Cambrian origin ofeLife · 2026Article
- RETRACTED: Endogenous Retroviruses as Regulators of Innate Immune Signaling and InflammationViruses · 2026Review
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Diseases.MedComm · 2025Review
- Article
- Endogenous Retroviruses in Host-Virus Coevolution: From Genomic Domestication to Functional Innovation.Genes · 2025Review
- Gag proteins encoded by endogenous retroviruses are required for zebrafish development.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- A novel approach to exploring the dark genome and its application to mapping of the vertebrate virus fossil record.Genome biology · 2024Article
- Kuafuorterviruses, a novel major lineage of reverse-transcribing viruses.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- Origin and Evolution of Plant Long Terminal Repeat Retrotransposons with Additional Ribonuclease H.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Identification of Cartilaginous Fish Endogenous Foamy Virus Rooting to Vertebrate Counterparts.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- A Long-Running Arms Race betweenJournal of virology · 2023Article
- Article
- Novel pegiviruses infecting wild birds and rodents.Virologica Sinica · 2022Article
- The diversity and evolution of retroviruses: Perspectives from viral "fossils".Virologica Sinica · 2022Review
- Molecular fossils illuminate the evolution of retroviruses following a macroevolutionary transition from land to water.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
The origin and deep history of retroviruses remain mysterious and contentious, largely because the diversity of retroviruses is incompletely understood. Here, we report the discovery of lokiretroviruses, a novel major lineage of retroviruses, within the genomes of a wide range of vertebrates (at least 137 species), including lampreys, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Lokiretroviruses share a similar genome architecture with known retroviruses, but display some unique features. Interestingly, lokiretrovirus Env proteins share detectable similarity with fusion glycoproteins of viruses within the Mononegavirales order, blurring the boundary between retroviruses and negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Phylogenetic analyses based on reverse transcriptase demonstrate that lokiretroviruses are sister to all the retroviruses sampled to date, providing a crucial nexus for studying the deep history of retroviruses. Comparing congruence between host and virus phylogenies suggests lokiretroviruses mainly underwent cross-species transmission. Moreover, we find that retroviruses replaced their ribonuclease H and integrase domains multiple times during their evolutionary course, revealing the importance of domain shuffling in the evolution of retroviruses. Overall, our findings greatly expand our views of the diversity of retroviruses, and provide novel insights into the origin and complex evolutionary history of retroviruses.
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