ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2020
Infection fatality risk for SARS-CoV-2 in community dwelling population of Spain: nationwide seroepidemiological study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Changes in Stroke Hospital Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Stroke · 2021Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological measures implemented in the setting of long-term care facilities to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and their consequences: a rapid review.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications.European journal of epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
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- Hypertension and other comorbidities associated with increased mortality in hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 in spain: a descriptive, retrospective, nationwide study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Psychosocial Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccination Behavior Among Older Adults in China: A Large Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of public health · 2026Article
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- Sex and other predictors of mortality in long-term follow-up of patients with cardiovascular disease and COVID-19: a single-center retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessing the influence of COVID-19 lockdown measures on cognition and behavior in school age children in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance site, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular mortality and contrast analysis within subgroups.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Serology Across Scales: A Framework for Unbiased Estimation of Cumulative Incidence Incorporating Antibody Kinetics and Epidemic Recency.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Age-specific severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in February 2020 to June 2021 in the Netherlands.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Article
- Impact of peripheral mitochondrial DNA level on immune response after COVID-19 vaccination.iScience · 2023Article
- Hospitalization burden and epidemiology of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain (2020-2021).BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- T-cell cellular stress and reticulocyte signatures, but not loss of naïve T lymphocytes, characterize severe COVID-19 in older adults.GeroScience · 2023Article
- Joint Analysis of the Epidemic Evolution and Human Mobility During the First Wave of COVID-19 in Spain: Retrospective Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the First and Second Pandemic Waves in Spain: the ENE-COVID Study.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- Population Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 Infections via Random Sampling During the COVID-19 Pandemic.American journal of public health · 2023Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the infection fatality risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), based on deaths with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and excess deaths from all causes.
designNationwide seroepidemiological study.
settingFirst wave of covid-19 pandemic in Spain.
participantsCommunity dwelling individuals of all ages.
main outcome measuresThe main outcome measure was overall, and age and sex specific, infection fatality risk for SARS-CoV-2 (the number of covid-19 deaths and excess deaths divided by the estimated number of SARS-CoV-2 infections) in the community dwelling Spanish population. Deaths with laboratory confirmed covid-19 were obtained from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE) and excess all cause deaths from the Monitoring Mortality System (MoMo), up to 15 July 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infections in Spain were derived from the estimated seroprevalence by a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay for IgG antibodies in 61 098 participants in the ENE-COVID nationwide seroepidemiological survey between 27 April and 22 June 2020.
resultsThe overall infection fatality risk was 0.8% (19 228 of 2.3 million infected individuals, 95% confidence interval 0.8% to 0.9%) for confirmed covid-19 deaths and 1.1% (24 778 of 2.3 million infected individuals, 1.0% to 1.2%) for excess deaths. The infection fatality risk was 1.1% (95% confidence interval 1.0% to 1.2%) to 1.4% (1.3% to 1.5%) in men and 0.6% (0.5% to 0.6%) to 0.8% (0.7% to 0.8%) in women. The infection fatality risk increased sharply after age 50, ranging from 11.6% (8.1% to 16.5%) to 16.4% (11.4% to 23.2%) in men aged 80 or more and from 4.6% (3.4% to 6.3%) to 6.5% (4.7% to 8.8%) in women aged 80 or more.
conclusionThe increase in SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality risk after age 50 appeared to be more noticeable in men than in women. Based on the results of this study, fatality from covid-19 was greater than that reported for other common respiratory diseases, such as seasonal influenza.
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