ArticlePhysics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)2020
Experimental visualization of sneezing and efficacy of face masks and shields.
Article in Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative effectiveness of N95, surgical or medical, and non-medical facemasks in protection against respiratory virus infection: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Indications for accurate and appropriate use of personal protective equipment for healthcare professionals. A systematic review.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicinaPooled it
- A model for SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission on the upper deck of a passenger ship bound for a short trip.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Efficacy of facemasks in preventing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare settings: A scoping review.Journal of infection prevention · 2024Article
- Development and evaluation of a fluidic facemask for airborne transmission mitigation.Experimental thermal and fluid science · 2023Review
- A critical review on the role of leakages in the facemask protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection with consideration of vaccination and virus variants.Indoor air · 2022Review
- Elucidating the role of environmental management of forests, air quality, solid waste and wastewater on the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2.Hygiene and environmental health advances · 2022Review
- TU Delft COVID-app: A tool to democratize CFD simulations for SARS-CoV-2 infection risk analysis.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- A Simple Method to Quantify Outward Leakage of Medical Face Masks and Barrier Face Coverings: Implication for the Overall Filtration Efficiency.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Study of the interactions of sneezing droplets with particulate matter in a polluted environment.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Effect of co-flow on fluid dynamics of a cough jet with implications in spread of COVID-19.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Particle leakage through the exhalation valve on a face mask under flow conditions mimicking human breathing: A critical assessment.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Spread of virus laden aerosols inside a moving sports utility vehicle with open windows: A numerical study.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- How coronavirus survives for hours in aerosols.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Experimental investigation of indoor aerosol dispersion and accumulation in the context of COVID-19: Effects of masks and ventilation.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Double masking protection vs. comfort-A quantitative assessment.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Droplet fate, efficacy of face mask, and transmission of virus-laden droplets inside a conference room.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Effects of the filter microstructure and ambient air condition on the aerodynamic dispersion of sneezing droplets: A multiscale and multiphysics simulation study.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Designing antiviral surfaces to suppress the spread of COVID-19.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- Role of pulsatility on particle dispersion in expiratory flows.Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the present work, we propose and demonstrate a simple experimental visualization to simulate sneezing by maintaining dynamic similarity to actual sneezing. A pulsed jet with Reynolds number Re = 30 000 is created using compressed air and a solenoid valve. Tracer particles are introduced in the flow to capture the emulated turbulent jet formed due to a sneeze. The visualization is accomplished using a camera and laser illumination. It is observed that a typical sneeze can travel up to 25 ft in ∼22 s in a quiescent environment. This highlights that the present widely accepted safe distance of 6 ft is highly underestimated, especially under the act of a sneeze. Our study demonstrates that a three-layer homemade mask is just adequate to impede the penetration of fine-sized particles, which may cause the spreading of the infectious pathogen responsible for COVID-19. However, a surgical mask cannot block the sneeze, and the sneeze particle can travel up to 2.5 ft. We strongly recommend using at least a three-layer homemade mask with a social distancing of 6 ft to combat the transmission of COVID-19 virus. In offices, we recommend the use of face masks and shields to prevent the spreading of droplets carrying the infectious pathogen. Interestingly, an N-95 mask blocks the sneeze in the forward direction; however, the leakage from the sides and top spreads the sneeze in the backward direction up to 2 ft. We strongly recommend using the elbow or hands to prevent droplet leakage even after wearing a mask during sneezing and coughing.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.