ReviewMucosal immunology2021
The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Review in Mucosal immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 158 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 260 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Reassessed Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Attenuation for COVID-19 Vaccine Development-A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Is loss of smell an early predictor of COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of pharmacal research · 2021Pooled it
- Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling for suspected or confirmed COVID-19: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (ELVIS COVID-19).Journal of global health · 2024Trial
- On or within: spatial determinants of antigen handling in the nasal turbinates.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome with Colchicine in COVID-19: Therapeutic Evidence and Future Implications for Influenza.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Generation of apical-out nasal organoids to facilitate human respiratory syncytial virus infection and drug screening.iScience · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Innate Immune Activation and Viral Interference During Sequential Co-Infection with Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Efficacy of intranasal adenovirus vector vaccine is attenuated by type I IFN-induced NK cell activation.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Inhibition of host N-myristoylation compromises the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 due to Golgi-bypassing egress.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Unique nasal cell states induced by common pediatric respiratory viruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cellular Immune Response Induced by mRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- A narrative review of SARS-CoV-2 variants and long COVID.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- Distinct commensal bacteria in human nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue associated with localized immunological memory.iScience · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Article
- Prolonged persistence of tissue-resident memory cells in the upper airway following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Differential host responses by the type I and III interferons in primary differentiated human nasal epithelial cells are a determinant of antiviral activity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Post-Translational Modifications in Respiratory Virus Infection: Recent Insights into the Development of In Vitro Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Persistent pneumococcal colonisation in antiretroviral-treated HIV infection is associated with nasal inflammation.Nature communications · 2025Article
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 enters into the human body mainly through the ACE2 + TMPRSS2+ nasal epithelial cells. The initial host response to this pathogen occurs in a peculiar immune microenvironment that, starting from the Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) system, is the product of a long evolutionary process that is aimed to first recognize exogenous airborne agents. In the present work, we want to critically review the latest molecular and cellular findings on the mucosal response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity and in NALT, and to analyze its impact in the subsequent course of COVID-19. Finally, we want to explore the possibility that the regulation of the systemic inflammatory network against the virus can be modulated starting from the initial phases of the nasal and nasopharyngeal response and this may have several clinical and epidemiological implications starting from a mucosal vaccine development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.