Observational studyJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2021
A Whole Blood Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay for Functional Immune Endotyping of Septic Patients.
Observational study in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Monitoring T-cell function in septic shock: one-year experience with a fully automated assay.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Observational
- Temporal variability in healthy donor IFN-γ ELISpot responses reveals a stable IL-7-responsive functional metric for immune phenotyping.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of immune suppression in sepsis/shock: one investigator's/lab group's experience (SLB 2024 legacy award presentation).Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Article
- IFNγ in human sepsis: a scoping review.Annals of intensive care · 2025Review
- Determining potential immunomodulatory drug efficacy in sepsis using ELISpot.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The role of natural products targeting macrophage polarization in sepsis-induced lung injury.Chinese medicine · 2025Review
- FUNCTIONAL IMMUNOPHENOTYPING FOR PRECISION THERAPIES IN SEPSIS.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2025Review
- The pivotal role of immune functional assays in deciphering immune function alterations.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Age influences the circulating immune profile in pediatric sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Observational
- IL-7: a potential next-generation adjuvant for immune cell therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Functional immune profiling of hyper- and hypo-inflammatory subphenotypes of critical illness: a secondary analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Development and optimization of a diluted whole blood ELISpot assay to test immune function.Journal of immunological methods · 2024Observational
- Time-Dependent Variation in Immunoparalysis Biomarkers Among Patients with Sepsis and Critical Illness.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Predicting Organ Dysfunction in Septic and Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study Using Rapid Ex Vivo Immune Profiling.Critical care explorations · 2024Observational
- Adverse outcomes and an immunosuppressed endotype in septic patients with reduced IFN-γ ELISpot.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Time-dependent variation in immunoparalysis biomarkers among patients with sepsis and critical illness.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Surviving septic patients endotyped with a functional assay demonstrate active immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Observational
- Ex Vivo Endotoxin Stimulation of Blood for Predicting Survival in Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review.CHEST critical care · 2023Article
- Comparison of whole blood cytokine immunoassays for rapid, functional immune phenotyping in critically ill patients with sepsis.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2023Article
- The Calm after the Storm: Implications of Sepsis Immunoparalysis on Host Immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sepsis initiates simultaneous pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, the pattern and intensity of which vary over time. The inability to evaluate the immune status of patients with sepsis in a rapid and quantifiable manner has undoubtedly been a major reason for the failure of many therapeutic trials. Although there has been considerable effort to immunophenotype septic patients, these methods have often not accurately assessed the functional state of host immunity, lack dynamic range, and are more reflective of molecular processes rather than host immunity. In contrast, ELISpot assay measures the number and intensity of cytokine-secreting cells and has excellent dynamic range with rapid turnaround. We investigated the ability of a (to our knowledge) novel whole blood ELISpot assay and compared it with a more traditional ELISpot assay using PBMCs in sepsis. IFN-γ and TNF-α ELISpot assays on whole blood and PBMCs were undertaken in control, critically ill nonseptic, and septic patients. Whole blood ELISpot was easy to perform, and results were generally comparable to PBMC-based ELISpot. However, the whole blood ELISpot assay revealed that nonmonocyte, myeloid populations are a significant source of ex vivo TNF-α production. Septic patients who died had early, profound, and sustained suppression of innate and adaptive immunity. A cohort of septic patients had increased cytokine production compared with controls consistent with either an appropriate or excessive immune response. IL-7 restored ex vivo IFN-γ production in septic patients. The whole blood ELISpot assay offers a significant advance in the ability to immunophenotype patients with sepsis and to guide potential new immunotherapies.
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