ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2021
The Spinal Control of Backward Locomotion.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuromuscular Basis of Kinematic Adaptations During Bidirectional Walking.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Bidirectional locomotion induces asymmetric limb adaptations.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- The regulation of rhythmic locomotion by motor cortical and dopaminergic inputs in the mouse striatum.Molecular brain · 2025Article
- Backward swimming in elongated-bodied abyssal demersal fishes: Synaphobranchidae, Macrouridae, and Ophidiidae.Journal of fish biology · 2025Article
- Convergent effects of peptides on the initiation of feeding motor programs in the molluskJournal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Effects of spinal transection and locomotor speed on muscle synergies of the cat hindlimb.The Journal of physiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Forward Stepping Evoked by Transvertebral Stimulation in the Decerebrate Cat.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2024Article
- Forelimb movements contribute to hindlimb cutaneous reflexes during locomotion in cats.Journal of neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Persistent modulatory actions and task switching in the feeding network of Aplysia.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2023Review
- Variable task switching in the feeding network ofJournal of neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Spinal sensorimotor circuits play a prominent role in hindlimb locomotor recovery after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections but cannot restore posture and interlimb coordination during quadrupedal locomotion in adult cats.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Control of Forelimb and Hindlimb Movements and Their Coordination during Quadrupedal Locomotion across Speeds in Adult Spinal Cats.Journal of neurotrauma · 2022Article
- Differences in backward and forward treadmill locomotion in decerebrated cats.The Journal of experimental biology · 2022Article
- Activity of Spinal Interneurons during Forward and Backward Locomotion.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- State- and Condition-Dependent Modulation of the Hindlimb Locomotor Pattern in Intact and Spinal Cats Across Speeds.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2022Article
- Control of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback.Comprehensive Physiology · 2021Article
- Common and distinct muscle synergies during level and slope locomotion in the cat.Journal of neurophysiology · 2021Article
- A Validation of Supervised Deep Learning for Gait Analysis in the Cat.Frontiers in neuroinformatics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Animal locomotion requires changing direction, from forward to backward. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sensorimotor circuits within the spinal cord generate backward locomotion and adjust it to task demands. We collected kinematic and electromyography (EMG) data during forward and backward locomotion at different treadmill speeds before and after complete spinal transection in six adult cats (three males and three females). After spinal transection, five/six cats performed backward locomotion, which required tonic somatosensory input in the form of perineal stimulation. One spinal cat performed forward locomotion but not backward locomotion while two others stepped backward but not forward. Spatiotemporal adjustments to increasing speed were similar in intact and spinal cats during backward locomotion and strategies were similar to forward locomotion, with shorter cycle and stance durations and longer stride lengths. Patterns of muscle activations, including muscle synergies, were similar for forward and backward locomotion in spinal cats. Indeed, we identified five muscle synergies that were similar during forward and backward locomotion. Lastly, spinal cats also stepped backward on a split-belt treadmill, with the left and right hindlimbs stepping at different speeds. Therefore, our results show that spinal sensorimotor circuits generate backward locomotion but require additional excitability compared with forward locomotion. Similar strategies for speed modulation and similar patterns of muscle activations and muscle synergies during forward and backward locomotion are consistent with a shared spinal locomotor network, with sensory feedback from the limbs controlling the direction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.